Chapter 18

Visit this site (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/ normallevels) for a list of normal levels established for many of the substances found in a sample of blood. Serum, one of the specimen types included, refers to a sample of plasma after clotting factors have been removed. What types of measurements are given for levels of glucose in the blood?

View these animations (http://openstaxcollege.org/I/ coagulation) to explore the intrinsic, extrinsic, and common pathways that are involved the process of coagulation. The coagulation cascade restores hemostasis by activating coagulation factors in the presence of an injury. How does the endothelium of the blood vessel walls prevent the blood from coagulating as it flows through the blood vessels?

Which of the following statements about blood is true? a. Blood is about 92 percent water. b. Blood is slightly more acidic than water. c. Blood is slightly more viscous than water. d. Blood is slightly more salty than seawater.

Which of the following statements about albumin is true? a. It draws water out of the blood vessels and into the body's tissues. b. It is the most abundant plasma protein. c. It is produced by specialized leukocytes called plasma cells. d. All of the above are true.

Which of the following plasma proteins is not produced by the liver? a. fibrinogen b. alpha globulin c. beta globulin d. immunoglobulin

Which of the formed elements arise from myeloid stem cells? a. \(\mathrm{B}\) cells b. natural killer cells c. platelets d. all of the above

Which of the following statements about erythropoietin is true? a. It facilitates the proliferation and differentiation of the erythrocyte lineage. b. It is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland. C. It is a hemopoietic growth factor that prompts lymphoid stem cells to leave the bone marrow. d. Both a and b are true.

Interleukins are associated primarily with which of the following? a. production of various lymphocytes b. immune responses c. inflammation d. all of the above

Which of the following statements about mature, circulating erythrocytes is true? a. They have no nucleus. b. They are packed with mitochondria. c. They survive for an average of 4 days. d. All of the above

A molecule of hemoglobin ____ . a. is shaped like a biconcave disk packed almost entirely with iron b. contains four glycoprotein units studded with oxygen c. consists of four globin proteins, each bound to a molecule of heme d. can carry up to 120 molecules of oxygen

The production of healthy erythrocytes depends upon the availability of a. copper b. zinc c. vitamin \(\mathrm{B}_{12}\) d. copper, zinc, and vitamin \(\mathrm{B}_{12}\)

Aging and damaged erythrocytes are removed from the circulation by a. myeoblasts b. monocytes c. macrophages d. mast cells

The process by which leukocytes squeeze through adjacent cells in a blood vessel wall is called a. leukocytosis b. positive chemotaxis c. emigration d. cytoplasmic extending

Which of the following describes a neutrophil? a. abundant, agranular, especially effective against cancer cells b. abundant, granular, especially effective against bacteria c. rare, agranular, releases antimicrobial defensins d. rare, granular, contains multiple granules packed with histamine

\(\mathrm{T}\) and B lymphocytes a. are polymorphonuclear b. are involved with specific immune function c. proliferate excessively in leukopenia d. are most active against parasitic worms

A patient has been experiencing severe, persistent allergy symptoms that are reduced when she takes an antihistamine. Before the treatment, this patient was likely to have had increased activity of which leukocyte? a. basophils b. neutrophils c. monocytes d. natural killer cells

Thrombocytes are more accurately called a. clotting factors b. megakaryoblasts c. megakaryocytes d. platelets

The first step in hemostasis is a. vascular spasm b. conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin C. activation of the intrinsic pathway d. activation of the common pathway

Prothrombin is converted to thrombin during the a. intrinsic pathway b. extrinsic pathway c. common pathway d. formation of the platelet plug

Hemophilia is characterized by a. inadequate production of heparin b. inadequate production of clotting factors c. excessive production of fibrinogen d. excessive production of platelets

The process in which antibodies attach to antigens, causing the formation of masses of linked cells, is called a. sensitization b. coagulation c. agglutination d. hemolysis

People with ABO blood type \(\mathrm{O}\) _____ . a. have both antigens \(\mathrm{A}\) and \(\mathrm{B}\) on their erythrocytes b. lack both antigens \(\mathrm{A}\) and \(\mathrm{B}\) on their erythrocytes C. have neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies circulating in their blood plasma d. are considered universal recipients

Hemolytic disease of the newborn is a risk during a subsequent pregnancy in which a. a type AB mother is carrying a type O fetus b. a type O mother is carrying a type AB fetus c. an \(\mathrm{Rh}^{+}\) mother is carrying an \(\mathrm{Rh}^{-}\) fetus d. an \(\mathrm{Rh}^{-}\) mother is carrying a second \(\mathrm{Rh}^{+}\) fetus

A patient's hematocrit is 42 percent. Approximately what percentage of the patient's blood is plasma?

True or false: The buffy coat is the portion of a blood sample that is made up of its proteins.

Myelofibrosis is a disorder in which inflammation and scar tissue formation in the bone marrow impair hemopoiesis. One sign is an enlarged spleen. Why?

Would you expect a patient with a form of cancer called acute myelogenous leukemia to experience impaired production of erythrocytes, or impaired production of lymphocytes? Explain your choice.

A young woman has been experiencing unusually heavy menstrual bleeding for several years. She follows a strict vegan diet (no animal foods). She is at risk for what disorder, and why?

A patient has thalassemia, a genetic disorder characterized by abnormal synthesis of globin proteins and excessive destruction of erythrocytes. This patient is jaundiced and is found to have an excessive level of bilirubin in his blood. Explain the connection.

A patient was admitted to the burn unit the previous evening suffering from a severe burn involving his left upper extremity and shoulder. A blood test reveals that he is experiencing leukocytosis. Why is this an expected finding?

A lab technician collects a blood sample in a glass tube. After about an hour, she harvests serum to continue her blood analysis. Explain what has happened during the hour that the sample was in the glass tube.

Explain why administration of a thrombolytic agent is a first intervention for someone who has suffered a thrombotic stroke.

Following a motor vehicle accident, a patient is rushed to the emergency department with multiple traumatic injuries, causing severe bleeding. The patient's condition is critical, and there is no time for determining his blood type. What type of blood is transfused, and why?

In preparation for a scheduled surgery, a patient visits the hospital lab for a blood draw. The technician collects a blood sample and performs a test to determine its type. She places a sample of the patient's blood in two wells. To the first well she adds anti-A antibody. To the second she adds anti-B antibody. Both samples visibly agglutinate. Has the technician made an error, or is this a normal response? If normal, what blood type does this indicate?