Chapter 13

Watch this animation (http://openstaxcollege.org/// CSFflow) that shows the flow of CSF through the brain and spinal cord, and how it originates from the ventricles and then spreads into the space within the meninges, where the fluids then move into the venous sinuses to return to the cardiovascular circulation. What are the structures that produce CSF and where are they found? How are the structures indicated in this animation?

Visit this site (http://openstaxcollege.org/I/ NYTmeningitis) to read about a man who wakes with a headache and a loss of vision. His regular doctor sent him to an ophthalmologist to address the vision loss. The ophthalmologist recognizes a greater problem and immediately sends him to the emergency room. Once there, the patient undergoes a large battery of tests, but a definite cause cannot be found. A specialist recognizes the problem as meningitis, but the question is what caused it originally. How can that be cured? The loss of vision comes from swelling around the optic nerve, which probably presented as a bulge on the inside of the eye. Why is swelling related to meningitis going to push on the optic nerve?

Aside from the nervous system, which other organ system develops out of the ectoderm? a. digestive b. respiratory c. integumentary d. urinary

Which non-nervous tissue develops from the neuroectoderm? a. respiratory mucosa b. vertebral bone c. digestive lining d. craniofacial bone

Which structure is associated with the embryologic development of the peripheral nervous system? a. neural crest b. neuraxis c. rhombencephalon d. neural tube

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for generating motor commands? a. temporal b. parietal C. occipital d. frontal

What region of the diencephalon coordinates homeostasis? a. thalamus b. epithalamus c. hypothalamus d. subthalamus

What level of the brain stem is the major input to the cerebellum? a. midbrain b. pons c. medulla d. spinal cord

What region of the spinal cord contains motor neurons that direct the movement of skeletal muscles? a. anterior horn b. posterior horn c. lateral horn d. alar plate

What blood vessel enters the cranium to supply the brain with fresh, oxygenated blood? a. common carotid artery b. jugular vein c. internal carotid artery d. aorta

Which layer of the meninges surrounds and supports the sinuses that form the route through which blood drains from the CNS? a. dura mater b. arachnoid mater c. subarachnoid d. pia mater

What type of glial cell is responsible for filtering blood to produce CSF at the choroid plexus? a. ependymal cell b. astrocyte c. oligodendrocyte d. Schwann cell

Which portion of the ventricular system is found within the diencephalon? a. lateral ventricles b. third ventricle c. cerebral aqueduct d. fourth ventricle

What condition causes a stroke? a. inflammation of meninges b. lumbar puncture c. infection of cerebral spinal fluid d. disruption of blood to the brain

What type of ganglion contains neurons that control homeostatic mechanisms of the body? a. sensory ganglion b. dorsal root ganglion C. autonomic ganglion d. cranial nerve ganglion

Which ganglion is responsible for cutaneous sensations of the face? a. otic ganglion b. vestibular ganglion c. geniculate ganglion d. trigeminal ganglion

What is the name for a bundle of axons within a nerve? a. fascicle b. tract c. nerve root d. epineurium

Which cranial nerve does not control functions in the head and neck? a. olfactory b. trochlear C. glossopharyngeal d. vagus

Which of these structures is not under direct control of the peripheral nervous system? a. trigeminal ganglion b. gastric plexus c. sympathetic chain ganglia d. cervical plexus

Damage to specific regions of the cerebral cortex, such as through a stroke, can result in specific losses of function. What functions would likely be lost by a stroke in the temporal lobe?

Why can the circle of Willis maintain perfusion of the brain even if there is a blockage in one part of the structure?

Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges that can have severe effects on neurological function. Why is infection of this structure potentially so dangerous?

Why are ganglia and nerves not surrounded by protective structures like the meninges of the CNS?

Testing for neurological function involves a series of tests of functions associated with the cranial nerves. What functions, and therefore which nerves, are being tested by asking a patient to follow the tip of a pen with their eyes?