Chapter 23

Compute each of the following Galois groups. Which of these field extensions are normal field extensions? If the extension is not normal, find a normal extension of \(Q\) in which the extension field is contained. (a) \(G(\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{30}) / \mathbb{Q})\) (d) \(G(\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{2}, \sqrt[3]{2}, i) / \mathbb{Q})\) (b) \(G(\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt[4]{5}) / \mathbb{Q})\) (c) \(G(\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{2}, \sqrt{3}, \sqrt{5}) / \mathbb{Q})\) (e) \(G(\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{6}, i) / \mathbb{Q})\)

Determine the separability of each of the following polynomials. (a) \(x^{3}+2 x^{2}-x-2\) over \(Q\) (c) \(x^{4}+x^{2}+1\) over \(\mathbb{Z}_{3}\) (b) \(x^{4}+2 x^{2}+1\) over \(\mathbb{Q}\) (d) \(x^{3}+x^{2}+1\) over \(\mathbb{Z}_{2}\)

Give the order and describe a generator of the Galois group of GF(729) over GF(9).

Determine the Galois groups of each of the following polynomials in \(\mathbb{Q}[x]\); hence, determine the solvability by radicals of each of the polynomials. (a) \(x^{5}-12 x^{2}+2\) (f) \(\left(x^{2}-2\right)\left(x^{2}+2\right)\) (b) \(x^{5}-4 x^{4}+2 x+2\) (g) \(x^{8}-1\) (c) \(x^{3}-5\) (d) \(x^{4}-x^{2}-6\) (h) \(x^{8}+1\) (e) \(x^{5}+1\) (i) \(x^{4}-3 x^{2}-10\)

Find a primitive element in the splitting field of each of the following polynomials in \(\mathbb{Q}[x]\) (a) \(x^{4}-1\) (c) \(x^{4}-2 x^{2}-15\) (b) \(x^{4}-8 x^{2}+15\) (d) \(x^{3}-2\)

Prove that the Galois group of an irreducible quadratic polynomial is isomorphic to \(\mathbb{Z}_{2}\)

Prove that the Galois group of an irreducible cubic polynomial is isomorphic to \(S_{3}\) or \(\mathbb{Z}_{3}\)

Let \(F \subset K \subset E\) be fields. If \(E\) is a normal extension of \(F\), show that \(E\) must also be a normal extension of \(K\).

Let \(G\) be the Galois group of a polynomial of degree \(n\). Prove that \(|G|\) divides \(n !\)

Construct a polynomial \(f(x)\) in \(\mathbb{Q}[x]\) of degree 7 that is not solvable by radicals.

Let \(p\) be prime. Prove that there exists a polynomial \(f(x) \in \mathbb{Q}[x]\) of degree \(p\) with Galois group isomorphic to \(S_{p}\). Conclude that for each prime \(p\) with \(p \geq 5\) there exists a polynomial of degree \(p\) that is not solvable by radicals.

Let \(p\) be a prime and \(\mathbb{Z}_{p}(t)\) be the field of rational functions over \(\mathbb{Z}_{p}\). Prove that \(f(x)=x^{p}-t\) is an irreducible polynomial in \(\mathbb{Z}_{p}(t)[x] .\) Show that \(f(x)\) is not separable.

Let \(E\) be an extension field of \(F\). Suppose that \(K\) and \(L\) are two intermediate fields. If there exists an element \(\sigma \in G(E / F)\) such that \(\sigma(K)=L,\) then \(K\) and \(L\) are said to be conjugate fields. Prove that \(K\) and \(L\) are conjugate if and only if \(G(E / K)\) and \(G(E / L)\) are conjugate subgroups of \(G(E / F)\).

Let \(\sigma \in \operatorname{Aut}(\mathbb{R})\). If \(a\) is a positive real number, show that \(\sigma(a)>0\).

Let \(K\) be the splitting field of \(x^{3}+x^{2}+1 \in \mathbb{Z}_{2}[x] .\) Prove or disprove that \(K\) is an extension by radicals.

Let \(F\) be a field such that \(\operatorname{char}(F) \neq 2 .\) Prove that the splitting field of \(f(x)=\) \(a x^{2}+b x+c\) is \(F(\sqrt{\alpha}),\) where \(\alpha=b^{2}-4 a c\)

Prove or disprove: Two different subgroups of a Galois group will have different fixed fields.

Let \(K\) be the splitting field of a polynomial over \(F\). If \(E\) is a field extension of \(F\) contained in \(K\) and \([E: F]=2,\) then \(E\) is the splitting field of some polynomial in \(F[x]\).

We know that the cyclotomic polynomial $$ \Phi_{p}(x)=\frac{x^{p}-1}{x-1}=x^{p-1}+x^{p-2}+\cdots+x+1 $$ is irreducible over \(Q\) for every prime \(p\). Let \(\omega\) be a zero of \(\Phi_{p}(x),\) and consider the field \(\mathbb{Q}(\omega)\) (a) Show that \(\omega, \omega^{2}, \ldots, \omega^{p-1}\) are distinct zeros of \(\Phi_{p}(x),\) and conclude that they are all the zeros of \(\Phi_{p}(x)\). (b) Show that \(G(\mathbb{Q}(\omega) / \mathbb{Q})\) is abelian of order \(p-1\). (c) Show that the fixed field of \(G(\mathbb{Q}(\omega) / Q)\) is \(\mathbb{Q}\).

Let \(F\) be a finite field or a field of characteristic zero. Let \(E\) be a finite normal extension of \(F\) with Galois group \(G(E / F) .\) Prove that \(F \subset K \subset L \subset E\) if and only if \(\\{\mathrm{id}\\} \subset G(E / L) \subset G(E / K) \subset G(E / F)\)

Let \(F\) be a field of characteristic zero and let \(f(x) \in F[x]\) be a separable polynomial of degree \(n .\) If \(E\) is the splitting field of \(f(x),\) let \(\alpha_{1}, \ldots, \alpha_{n}\) be the roots of \(f(x)\) in \(E .\) Let \(\Delta=\prod_{i