Chapter 10

Which of the following statements about differential rotation is/are correct? Choose all that apply. The average speed varies with the sunspot cycle. b. The spin rate is slower at the poles. c. The Sun rotates at different speeds at different times of the year. d. Different layers of the Sun rotate at different speeds. e. The Sun's outer layers rotate at different speeds at different latitudes.

Choose the correct order of the Sun's layers from the center outward. a. corona, chromosphere, photosphere, convective zone, radiative zone, core b. core, magnetosphere, heliosphere, atmosphere c. atmosphere, heliosphere, magnetosphere, core, solar wind d. corona, chromosphere, convective zone, photosphere, radiative zone, core e. core, radiative zone, convective zone, photosphere, chromosphere, corona

Which layer(s) of the Sun does not decrease in temperature as distance from the core increases? Choose all that apply. a. radiative zone b. convective zone c. corona d. chromosphere e. photosphere

How will the composition of the Sun change over the next billion years? a. It will not change appreciably. b. There will be more hydrogen, more helium, and less of the heavier elements. c. The proportions of carbon and iron will increase d. There will be less hydrogen and more helium. e. There will be less hydrogen and more of all the heavier elements.

Which of these statements about temperature, pressure, and density in the various layers of the Sun is correct? a. The higher the temperature, the higher the pressure. b. Temperature decreases from the innermost layer to the outermost. c. The deeper below the Sun's surface the layer is, the higher the pressure. d. The higher the temperature, the higher the density. e. The values of these parameters are unknown for some layers of the Sun.

If a star like the Sun did not have the ability to create energy by nuclear fusion, a. thermal energy from gravitational contraction would have sustained it until now, but its life expectancy would be much shorter. b. it would have exhausted its energy long ago. c. it would last longer because it would not be radiating away its stored energy. d. its antimatter and matter would have recombined, making it disappear. e. it could have sustained itself by nuclear fission as long as it was not a first-generation star.

What particle is the antimatter counterpart of an electron? a. positron b. boson c. neutrino d. proton e. neutron

Which statement about energy from nuclear fusion is correct? a. Matter is annihilated and completely converted to energy in nuclear fusion. b. The proportion of hydrogen converted to energy in nuclear fusion is 7 percent. c. The proportion of hydrogen converted to energy in nuclear fusion is 0.7 percent. d. Nuclear fusion requires more energy put in than it gives back. e. Fusion converts radio photons into gamma-ray photons.

The "solar neutrino problem" is accurately described in which of the following statements? a. The Sun lacks enough neutrinos to sustain fusion. b. Too many neutrinos are produced in solar fusion, and they are damaging to Earth. c. No neutrinos were found coming from the Sun. d. Experimental results found more neutrinos than were expected from models of nuclear fusion. e. Experimental results found fewer neutrinos than models of nuclear fusion suggested would exist.

A gamma ray is produced in the core of the Sun. What happens after that? a. It emerges intact from the photosphere. b. It is scattered many times as a gamma ray before emerging from the photosphere c. It is scattered and converted into lower-energy photons many times before emerging from the photosphere. d. It remains intact in the Sun's interior. e. It undergoes nuclear fusion.

Which of the following statements about sunspots is true? a. They occur in predictable cycles. b. They are permanent features on the Sun's surface. c. They are a primary cause of climate change. d. They exist in the convective zone. e. Each sunspot is unrelated to any nearby sunspots.

The Zeeman effect, in which some individual lines in a stellar spectrum are split into multiple lines, is caused by a. gravity. d. gravitational contraction. b. nuclear fission. e. magnetism. c. nuclear fusion.

Once the Sun's magnetic north pole is located at its geographic north pole, on average how many years will pass before it shifts back to being near the geographic south pole? a. 11 years b. 22 years c. 33 years d. 44 years e. The answer is unknown.

Which statement(s) about nuclear fusion and nuclear fission is/are true? Choose all that apply. a. Both involve molecular reactions. b. Both release energy that had been in the form of mass. c. Both convert 100 percent of their fuel to energy. d. Both were unknown phenomena until about 100 years ago. e. Both require large magnetic fields.

What property of neutrinos allows them to mostly pass right through matter? a. their very small size b. their zero mass c. their low probability of interaction with other particles d. their high temperature e. their immutability

A solar feature that lasts about 10 minutes is most likely to be a a. granule. d. prominence. b. sunspot cycle. e. CME. c. sunspot.

Which statement about the inputs to and outputs from nuclear fusion in the Sun is true? a. Outputs have smaller atomic weights than their corresponding inputs. b. Only elements up to iron can be inputs. c. The total mass of outputs is less than the corresponding inputs. d. Outputs are always radioactive. e. Any element can be an output of nuclear fusion.

True/False: Nuclear weapons with enough destructive power to annihilate a city require several tons of nuclear fuel.

What are the characteristics of a plasma?

The Sun was once considered to be perfect and changeless. Explain how that belief has been disproved.

Compare and contrast energy transport in the radiative zone and in the convective zone.

What layer of the Sun is visible to the naked eye?

What phenomenon within Earth is similar to how energy is transported in the convective zone, and in what layer of Earth's structure does it occur?

Describe the relative quantity and movement of sunspots over the solar cycle.

What is helioseismology, and what useful information does it yield?

What other phenomena are like the Sun's energy in that they are lifegiving and also potentially harmful and destructive?

How long, in years, would it take a passenger jet to arrive at the Sun's photosphere, assuming it travels at \(800 \mathrm{km} / \mathrm{h}\) ?

If \(210 \mathrm\space{kg}\) of hydrogen could be entirely converted to energy, how many joules would be produced?

The temperature of a sunspot is 0.66 as high as the surrounding photosphere. What is the ratio of its brightness to that of an equal-sized area around it?