Chapter 22

What is a mineral, and what is the study of minerals called?

Sketch the structure of the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron.

Give four examples of nonsilicate materials.

What are the limits of the Mohs scale? Give an example mineral at each limit.

Name six physical characteristics that are used to identify minerals.

Define the mineralogical terms luster and streak.

What is the characteristic cleavage of mica?

Define the term rock. What is the study of rocks called?

Name the three basic types of rocks and briefly state the process by which each type is formed.

What is the basis of uniformitarianism? How does it relate to modern geology?

Distinguish between magma and lava.

How are intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks classified?

Distinguish between discordant and concordant igneous rock bodies.

What are three products of a volcano?

What two factors determine the viscosity of magma and lava?

How did the Hawailan Islands form?

Distinguish among (a) shield volcanoes, (b) stratovolcanoes, and (c) cinder cones.

What are calderas, and how are they formed? Name a famous one in the United States.

Why are sedimentary rocks the most important rocks for humans? Distinguish between detrital and chemical sedimentary rocks.

List several physical characteristics of sedimentary rock.

How do temperature and pressure change with depth in the Earth? What kind of rock is produced at great depths?

Distinguish among contact, shear, and hydrothermal metamorphism.

Define the term foliation.

Describe how shale is progressively metamorphosed into three types of metamorphic rock.