Chapter 14

Distinguish between organic chemistry and biochemistry.

Explain the type of bonding used for organic compounds.

Tell the number of covalent bonds formed by an atom of each of these common elements in organic compounds: \(C, H, O, S, N, a\) halogen.

Describe the physical characteristics of benzene. What is its molecular formula?

Show the Kekule representation and the preferred representation of benzene's structural formula.

What structural feature distinguishes an aromatic hydrocarbon from an aliphatic hydrocarbon?

Give the general molecular formulas for alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Write the structural formula for one example of each of these classes.

Name the first eight members of the alkane series. What are some useful products and properties of alkanes?

Describe the geometry and bond angles when a carbon atom forms four single bonds.

Two children build different objects from identical boxes of toy blocks. How is this related to constitutional isomers?

Use both full and condensed structural formulas to show the difference between methane and a methyl group and between ethane and an ethyl group.

What is the structural difference between benzene and cyclohexane?

Both ethene and ethyne are often called by their more common names. Give the common names and draw the structural formula for each compound.

Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Describe an addition reaction that alkenes and alkynes undergo. Why can't alkanes undergo addition reactions?

What are the physical characteristics of simple alkyl halides? What are the benefits and detriments to their use?

Give the condensed structural formula for methanol.

Give the general formula for an alcohol. Name the characteristic group it contains. What suffix is used in the IUPAC names of alcohols?

Give the general formula for a carboxylic acid. Name the characteristic group it contains.

Why are esters popular? Give examples of where you can find these compounds.

What characteristic element is found in amides? What are the uses of amides?

To form an addition polymer, what structural feature must the monomer possess?

Name a well-known synthetic fiber that is a polyester and one that is a polyamide. Name two addition polymers.

Name the monomers of proteins. Name and write the structural formula for the simplest one of these monomers.

How do humans get energy from carbohydrates? Which energy source do plants use to make carbohydrates?

What two simpler sugars combine to form sucrose? Which sugar is the monomer of both starch and cellulose?

Which types of fats can cause health issues if eaten in large quantities?