Chapter 14

Distinguish between organic chemistry and biochemistry.

Tell the number of covalent bonds formed by an atom of each of these common elements in organic compounds: \(\mathrm{C}, \mathrm{H}, \mathrm{O}, \mathrm{S}, \mathrm{N}\), a halogen.

Why would you not expect a compound with the formula \(\mathrm{CH}_{5}\) to exist?

Describe the physical characteristics of benzene. What is its molecular formula?

Show the Kekulé representation and the preferred representation of benzene's structural formula.

What structural feature distinguishes an aromatic hydrocarbon from an aliphatic hydrocarbon?

Give the general molecular formulas for alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Write the structural formula for one example of each of these classes.

Name the first eight members of the alkane series. What is a useful but dangerous property of alkanes?

Describe the geometry and bond angles when a carbon atom forms four single bonds.

What is meant by the term constitutional isomers?

Use both full and condensed structural formulas to show the difference between methane and a methyl group and between ethane and an ethyl group.

Both ethene and ethyne are often called by their more common names. Give the common names, and draw the structural formula for each compound.

Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Describe an addition reaction that alkenes and alkynes undergo. Why can't alkanes undergo addition reactions?

Give the condensed structural formula for methanol.

What does CFC stand for? What is the primary use of CFCs? Why is their use a problem?

Give the general formula for an alcohol. Name the characteristic group it contains. What suffix is used in the IUPAC names of alcohols?

Give the general formula for an amine. Name the characteristic group it contains. What property makes the simple amines unpopular?

Give the general formula for a carboxylic acid. Name the characteristic group it contains.

How do humans get energy from carbohydrates? What energy source do plants use to make carbohydrates?

Name the type of biochemical compound that (a) is a triester of glycerol, and (b) has multiple amide linkages.

What two simpler sugars combine to form sucrose? Which sugar is the monomer of both starch and cellulose?

Why can herbivores digest cellulose but humans cannot?

Name the monomers of proteins. Name and write the structural formula for the simplest one of these monomers.

What are the chemical differences between saturated and unsaturated fats? What are the physical differences between them? Which of these types of fats can cause health issues if eaten in large quantities?

To form an addition polymer, what structural feature must the monomer possess?

To form a condensation polymer, what structural feature is needed in the monomers?

Name a well-known synthetic fiber that is a polyester and one that is a polyamide. Name two addition polymers.