Chapter 13

What is the flavor associated with acids in foods?

What are the properties of acids?

What is litmus paper? What is a litmus test?

List five common laboratory acids and their uses.

What are the Arrhenius definitions of acids and bases?

What are the Bronsted-Lowry definitions of acids and bases?

What is the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid?

The \(\mathrm{pH}\) scale is a logarithmic scale. What is meant by this?

What acid is responsible for the sour taste of lemons, limes, and oranges?

What is pickling? What acid is responsible for the sour taste of pickles?

List several common acids and where they might be found.

Explain how a leavening agent works.

Which pollutants are responsible for acid rain? Where do they come from?

What are the effects of acid rain on the environment and on building materials?

Write a chemical equation to show the neutralization of hydroiodic acid (HI) by sodium hydroxide (NaOH).

Write a chemical equation to show the neutralization of nitric acid (HNO \(_{3}\) ) by strontium hydroxide ( \(\mathrm{Sr}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}\) ).

Identify the Bronsted-Lowry acid and base in each of the following reactions: a. \(\mathrm{HClO}_{2}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \longrightarrow \mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}^{+}+\mathrm{ClO}_{2}^{-}\) b. \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{NH}_{2}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{OH}^{-}+\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{NH}_{3}^{+}\) c. \(\mathrm{HF}+\mathrm{NH}_{3} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}+\mathrm{F}^{-}\)

Identify the Bronsted-Lowry acid and base in each of the following reactions: a. \(\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{~N}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{OH}^{-}+\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{NH}^{+}\) b. \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOH}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}^{+}+\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}_{2}^{-}\) c. \(\mathrm{KOH}+\mathrm{HBr} \longrightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}+\mathrm{KBr}\)

Write a chemical equation using Lewis structures for the reaction of water with ammonia. Identify the Brønsted-Lowry acid and base in the reaction.

Write a chemical equation using Lewis structures for the reaction of hydrochloric acid with ammonia. Identify the Brønsted-Lowry acid and base in the reaction.

Give the \(\mathrm{pH}\) that corresponds to each of the following solutions and classify them as acidic, basic, or neutral: a. \(\left[\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}^{+}\right]=0.01\) b. \(\left[\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}^{+}\right]=10^{-9}\) c. \(\left[\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}^{+}\right]=10^{-7}\) d. \(\left[\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}^{+}\right]=10^{-5}\)

What is the \(\left[\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}^{+}\right]\)in a solution with a \(\mathrm{pH}\) of \(4 ?\)

What is the \(\left[\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}^{+}\right]\)in a solution with a \(\mathrm{pH}\) of \(11 ?\)

Suppose that the stomach contains \(0.200 \mathrm{~L}\) of \(0.05 M\) \(\mathrm{HCl}\). What mass of the antacid \(\mathrm{Mg}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}\) is required to completely neutralize all of the \(\mathrm{HCl}\) ?

Suppose that \(250.0 \mathrm{~mL}\) of a basic solution is \(0.100 \mathrm{M}\) in \(\mathrm{KOH}\). What volume of a \(0.200 \mathrm{MHCl}\) solution would be required to completely neutralize the basic solution?

Write a chemical reaction to show how \(\mathrm{SO}_{2}\) forms sulfuric acid in the atmosphere.

Write a short paragraph explaining why a person might want to consider purchasing a generic aspirin rather than a name brand. Try to be as persuasive as possible.