Chapter 42

Which of the following respiratory systems is independent from a fluid-based circulatory system? (A) the lungs of a vertebrate (B) the gills of a fish (C) the tracheal system of an insect (D) the skin of an earthworm

Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the (A) left atrium. (C) left ventricle. (B) right atrium. (D) right ventricle.

Pulse is a direct measure of (A) blood pressure. (C) cardiac output. (B) stroke volume. (D) heart rate.

One feature that amphiblans and humans have in common is (A) the number of heart chambers. (B) a complete separation of circuits for circulation. (C) the number of circuits for circulation. (D) a low blood pressure in the systemic circuit.

A molecule of \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) released into the blood in your left toe can be exhaled from your nose without passing through which of the following structures? (A) the pulmonary vein. (C) the right atrium. (B) the trachea. (D) the right ventricle.

One opponent of the movie monster Godzilla is Mothra, a mothlike creature with a wingspan of several dozen meters. The largest known insects. were Paleozoic dragonflies with half-meter wingspans. Focusing on respiration and gas exchange, explain why giant insects are Improbable.

Hundreds of studies have linked smoking with cardiovascular and lung disease. According to most health authorities, smoking is the leading cause of preventable, premature death in the United States. What are some arguments in favor of a total ban on cigarette advertising? What are arguments in opposition? Do you favor or oppose such a ban? Explain.

Some athletes prepare for competition at sea level by sleeping in a tent in which \(P_{O_{4}}\) is kept low. When climbing high peaks, some mountaineers breathe from bottles of pure \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\). In a short essay \((100-150\) words), relate these behaviors to the mechanism of \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\) transport in the human body and to physiological Interactions with our gaseous environment.

The diving bell spider (Argroneta aquatica) stores air underwater in a net of silk. Explain why this adaptation could be more advantageous than having gills, taking into account differences in gas exchange media and gas exchange organs among animals.