Chapter 12

The number of species on an island usually depends on the size of the island and its distance from a mainland. This statement would most likely be made by _________ . a. an explorer b. a biogeographer c. a geologist d. a philosopher

Evolution ________________ . a. is change in a line of descent b. is the same as natural selection c. is the goal of natural selection d. explains the origin of life

A trait is adaptive if it __________ . a. arises by mutation b. increases fitness c. is passed to offspring d. occurs in fossils

The process in which environmental pressures result in the differential survival and reproduction of individuals of a population is called ____________ . a. catastrophism b. evolution c. natural selection d. genetics

Darwin and Wallace proposed the hypothesis that _____________ . a. natural selection drives evolution b. change occurs in a line of descent c. new species arise after geologic events d. dinosaurs perished in the aftermath of an asteroid impact

In which type of rock are you more likely to find a fossil? a. basalt, a dark, fine-grained volcanic rock b. limestone, composed of sedimented calcium carbonate c. slate, a volcanically melted and cooled mudstone d. granite, which forms by crystallization of magma cooling below Earth's surface

True or false? Wrinkly textures in rock that formed from ancient biofilms living in marine sediments are fossils.

If the half-life of a radioisotope is 20,000 years, then a sample in which three-quarters of that radioisotope has decayed is ______________ years old. a. 15,000 b. 26,667 c. 30,000 d. 40,000

Forces that cause geologic change include _______________(select all that are correct). a. movement of water b. natural selection c. volcanic activity d. tectonic plate movement e. wind f. asteroid impacts

Did Pangaea or Gondwana form first?

The dinosaurs disappeared about ___________ million years ago.

Through _________, a body part of an ancestor is modified differently in different lines of descent. a. homologous structures b. convergent evolution c. analogous structures d. divergent evolution

All of the following data types can be evidence of shared ancestry except similarities in ________ .a. amino acid sequences b. embryonic development c. DNA sequences d. fossil morphologies e. form due to convergent evolution

________________are highly conserved because mutations in them can unravel development. a. Derived traits b. Master regulators c. Homologous structures d. Fossils

Match each term with the most suitable description. $$ \text {lineage} \quad \quad \text {a. does not affect fitness} $$ $$ \text {fossils } \quad \quad \text {b. line of descent} $$ $$ \text {natural selection} \quad \quad \text {c. human arm and bird wing} $$ $$ \text {neutral mutation } \quad \quad \text {d. survival of the fittest} $$ $$ \text {half-life} \quad \quad \text {e. characteristic of a radioisotope} $$ $$ \text {homologous structures } \quad \quad \text {f. insect wing and bird wing} $$ $$ \text {analogous structures} \quad \quad \text { g. evidence of ancient life} $$