Chapter 18

In cladistics, the only taxon that is always correct as a clade is the _______. a. genus b. family c. species d. kingdom

In evolutionary trees, each node represents a(n) _________. a. single lineage b. extinction c. point of divergence d. adaptive radiation

A clade is _________. a. defined by a derived trait b. a monophyletic group c. a hypothesis d. all of the above

Cladistics ________. a. may involve parsimony analysis b. is based on derived traits c. both of the above are correct

In cladograms, sister groups are ________. a. inbred b. the same age c. represented by nodes d. in the same family

Through _______ , a body part of an ancestor is modified differently in different lines of descent. a. homologous evolution b. morphological convergence c. adaptive divergence d. morphological divergence

Homologous structures among major groups of organisms may differ in _______. a. size b. shape c. function d. all of the above

Neutral mutations are those that do not affect _______. a. amino acid sequence b. nucleotide sequence c. the chances of survival d. all of the above

Mitochondrial DNA sequences are often used in cladistic comparisons of ________. a. different species b. individuals of the same species c. different taxa

Molecular clocks are based on comparisons of the number of ________ mutations between species. a. lethal b. neutral c. conservative d. nonconservative

True or false? DNA barcoding can identify an individual as belonging to a particular species.

A mutation that alters the embryonic expression pattern of a ________ may lead to major differences in the adult form. a. derived trait b. master gene c. homologous structure d. all of the above

All of the following data types can be used as evidence of shared ancestry except similarities in _______. a. amino acid sequences b. DNA sequences c. fossil morphologies d. embryonic development e. form due to convergence f. all are appropriate

True or false? Phylogeny helps us study the spread of viruses through human populations.

Match the terms with the most suitable description. $$ \text {________phylogeny} \quad \quad\quad\quad\quad \text {a. novel character} $$ $$ \text {________cladogram} \quad \quad\quad\quad\quad \text {b. evolutionary history} $$ $$ \text {________homeotic genes} \quad \quad\quad\quad\quad \text {c. human arm and bird wing} $$ $$ \text {________homologous structures} \quad \quad\quad\quad\quad \text {d. similar across diverse taxa} $$ $$ \text {________molecular clock} \quad \quad\quad\quad\quad \text {e. measures neutral mutations} $$ $$ \text {________analogous structures} \quad \quad\quad\quad\quad \text {f. insect wing and bird wing} $$ $$ \text {________derived trait} \quad \quad\quad\quad\quad \text {g. evolutionary tree} $$