Chapter 45

Breathing is an example of (a) countercurrent exchange (b) cellular respiration (c) ventilation (d) diffusion (e) gas exchange through the body surface

Which of the following is a benefit of gas exchange in air compared with gas exchange in water? (a) air has a higher concentration of molecular oxygen (b) oxygen diffuses more slowly in air (c) no energy is required for ventilation (d) moist respiratory surface is not needed (e) air is denser than water

Which of the following adaptations for gas exchange is most characteristic of insects? (a) lungs (b) tracheal tubes (tracheae) (c) parabronchi (d) air sacs (e) dermal gills

Which of the following are accurately matched? (a) bony fish-operculum (b) insect -alveoli (c) bird - spiracles (d) aquatic mammal - gill filaments (e) shark - dermal gills

Tracheal tubes (tracheae) (a) have moist surfaces throughout their length (b) are highly vascular (c) branch and extend to all the cells (d) are characteristic of many vertebrates (e) a, b, and \(c\)

The most efficient vertebrate respiratory system is that of (a) amphibians (b) birds (c) reptiles (d) mammals (e) humans

In a bird, the correct sequence for a breath of air is (a) anterior air sacs \(\longrightarrow\) posterior air sacs \(\longrightarrow\) lung (b) posterior air sacs \(\longrightarrow\) lung \(\longrightarrow\) anterior air sacs (c) parabronchi \(\longrightarrow\) posterior air sacs \(\longrightarrow\) anterior air sacs (d) posterior air sacs \(\longrightarrow\) alveoli \(\longrightarrow\) anterior air sacs (e) posterior air sacs \(\longrightarrow\) capillaries \(\longrightarrow\) cells

Which sequence most accurately describes the sequence of airflow in the human respiratory system? 1\. pharynx 2. bronchus 3. trachea 4. larynx 5. alveolus 6\. bronchiole (a) 4,1,3,2,5,6 (c) 4,1,3,2,6,5 (b) 1,4,3,2,5,6 (d) 1,4,3,2,6,5 (e) 1,3,4,2,6,5

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs with each normal resting breath is the (a) vital capacity (b) residual capacity (c) vital volume (d) partial pressure (e) tidal volume

Oxygen in the blood is transported mainly (a) in combination with hemoglobin (b) as bicarbonate ions (c) as carbonic acid (d) dissolved in plasma (e) combined with carbon dioxide

The concentration of which substance is most important in regulating the rate of respiration? (a) chloride ions (b) oxygen (c) bicarbonate ions (d) nitrogen (e) carbon dioxide

When a diver ascends too rapidly, (a) bronchial constriction occurs (b) a diving reflex is activated (c) nitrogen rapidly bubbles out of solution in the body fluids (d) nitrogen hypoxia occurs (e) carbon dioxide bubbles damage the alveoli

Which of the following is not true of the diving reflex? (a) breathing stops (b) the heart slows (c) less blood is distributed to the muscles (d) metabolic rate increases by about \(20 \%\) (e) energy consumption decreases

Pulmonary emphysema (a) results from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (b) is uncommon in cigarette smokers ( \(c\) ) results from bronchial constriction (d) is sometimes referred to as the Bohr effect (e) is characterized by loss of elasticity of the alveolar walls