Chapter 35

One main root, formed from the enlarging embryonic root, with many smaller lateral roots branching off it is a(an) (a) fibrous root system (b) adventitious root system (c) taproot system (d) storage root system (e) prop root system

Roots produced at unusual places on the plant are (a) fibrous (b) adventitious (c) taproots (d) rhizobial (e) mycorrhizae

Root hairs (a) cover and protect the delicate root apical meristem (b) increase the absorptive capacity of roots (c) secrete a waxy cuticle (d) orient the root so it grows downward (e) store excess sugars produced in the leaves

Certain plants adapted to flooded soil produce aerial "breathing" roots known as (a) fibrous roots (b) pneumatophores (c) mycorrhizae (d) nodules (e) prop roots

Unlike stems, roots produce (a) nodes and internodes (b) root caps and internodes (c) axillary buds and root hairs (d) terminal buds and axillary buds (e) root caps and root hairs

The waterproof region around the radial and transverse walls of endodermal cells is the (a) Casparian strip (b) pericycle (c) apoplast (d) symplast (e) pneumatophore

The apoplast is (a) a layer of cells that surround the vascular region in roots (b) the layer of cells just inside the endodermis (c) a system of interconnected plant cell walls through which water moves (d) the central cylinder of the root that comprises the vascular tissues (e) a continuum of cytoplasm of many cells, all connected by plasmodesmata

Plants obtain positively charged mineral ions from clay particles in the soil by cation exchange, in which (a) roots passively absorb the positively charged mineral ions (b) mineral ions flow freely along porous cell walls (c) roots secrete protons, which free other positively charged mineral ions to be absorbed by roots (d) the Casparian strip effectively blocks the passage of water and mineral ions along the endodermal cell wall (e) a well-developed system of internal air spaces in the root allows both gas exchange and cation exchange

The cell layer from which lateral roots originate is the (a) epidermis (b) cortex (c) endodermis (d) pericycle (e) vascular cambium

The center of a herbaceous eudicot root is composed of ______ whereas the center of a monocot root is composed of _______ (a) pith; cortex (b) xylem; phloem (c) phloem; xylem (d) xylem; pith (e) pith; xylem

Mutually beneficial associations between certain soil fungi and the roots of most plant species are called (a) mycorrhizae (b) pneumatophores (c) nodules (d) rhizobia (e) humus

Which of the following statements about soil is true? (a) pore spaces are always filled with about \(50 \%\) air and \(50 \%\) water (b) a single teaspoon of fertile agricultural soil may contain up to several hundred living microorganisms (c) the texture of a soil is determined by the soil's \(\mathrm{pH}\) (d) a soil's organic matter includes litter, droppings, and the dead remains of plants, animals, and microorganisms (e) soil formation is unaffected by a region's climate or topography

The technique of growing plants in aerated water containing dissolved mineral salts is known as (a) hydration (b) hydroponics (c) hydrophilic (d) hydrostatic (e) hydrolysis

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon are collectively known as (a) micronutrients (b) microvilli (c) micronuclei (d) macronuclei (e) macronutrients

In roots of woody plants, (a) xylem does not form the central tissue of the root (b) the cortex composes the bulk of the root (c) the vascular cambium gives rise to secondary xylem and secondary phloem (d) the pericycle gives rise to the apical meristem (e) secondary growth occurs despite the lack of a vascular cambium

Corn, sorghum, red mangrove, and banyan are plants that have (a) prop roots (b) buttress roots (c) pneumatophores (d) storage roots (e) root nodules