Chapter 3

Which of the following is generally considered an inorganic form of carbon? (a) \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) (b) \(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{4}\) (c) \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOH}\) (d) b and c (e) all of the preceding

Carbon is particularly well suited to be the backbone of organic molecules because (a) it can form both covalent bonds and ionic bonds (b) its covalent bonds are very irregularly arranged in three-dimensional space (c) its covalent bonds are the strongest chemical bonds known (d) it can bond to atoms of a large number of other elements (e) all the bonds it forms are polar.

Which of the following are generally hydrophobic? (a) polar molecules and hydrocarbons (b) ions and hydrocarbons (c) nonpolar molecules and ions (d) polar molecules and ions (e) none of the preceding

Which of the following is a nonpolar molecule? (a) water, \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(\mathrm{b})\) ammonia, \(\mathrm{NH}_{3}(\mathrm{c})\) methane, \(\mathrm{CH}_{4}(\mathrm{d})\) ethane, \(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{6}\) (e) more than one of the preceding.

Which of the following functional groups normally acts as an acid? (a) hydroxyl (b) carbonyl (c) sulfhydryl (d) phosphate (e) amino.

The synthetic process by which monomers are covalently linked is (a) hydrolysis (b) isomerization (c) condensation (d) glycosidic linkage (e) ester linkage

A monosaccharide designated as an aldehyde sugar contains (a) a terminal carboxyl group (b) an internal carboxyl group (c) a terminal carbonyl group (d) an internal carbonyl group (e) a terminal carboxyl group and an internal carbonyl group

Structural polysaccharides typically (a) have extensive hydrogen bonding between adjacent molecules (b) are much more hydrophilic than storage polysaccharides (c) have much stronger covalent bonds than do storage polysaccharides (d) consist of alternating \(\alpha\) -glucose and \(\beta\) -glucose subunits (e) form helical structures in the cell

A carboxyl group is always found in (a) organic acids and sugars (b) sugars and fatty acids (c) fatty acids and amino acids (d) alcohols (e) glycerol

Fatty acids are components of (a) phospholipids and carotenoids (b) carotenoids and triacylglycerol (c) steroids and triacylglycerol (d) phospholipids and triacylglycerol (e) carotenoids and steroids

Saturated fatty acids are so named because they are saturated with (a) hydrogen (b) water (c) hydroxyl groups (d) glycerol (e) double bonds.

Fatty acids in phospholipids and triacylglycerols interact with one another by (a) disulfide bridges (b) van der Waals interactions (c) covalent bonds (d) hydrogen bonds (e) fatty acids do not interact with one another

Which of the following levels of protein structure may be affected by hydrogen bonding? (a) primary and secondary (b) primary and tertiary (c) secondary, tertiary, and quaternary (d) primary, secondary, and tertiary (e) primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

Which of the following associations between \(R\) groups are the strongest? (a) hydrophobic interactions (b) hydrogen bonds (c) ionic bonds (d) peptide bonds (e) disulfide bridges.

Each phosphodiester linkage in DNA or RNA includes a phosphate joined by covalent bonds to (a) two bases (b) two sugars (c) two additional phosphates (d) a sugar, a base, and a phosphate (e) a sugar and a base.