The Musculoskeletal System

Which of the following statements about bone tissue is false? 

a. Compact bone tissue is made of cylindrical osteons that are aligned such that they travel the length of the bone. 

b. Haversian canals contain blood vessels only. 

c. Haversian canals contain blood vessels and nerve fibers. 

d. Spongy tissue is found on the interior of the bone, and compact bone tissue is found on the exterior 

Which of the following statements about bone tissue is false?

1. Compact bone tissue is made of cylindrical osteons that are aligned such that they travel the length of the bone. 
2. Haversian canals contain blood vessels only. 
3. Haversian canals contain blood vessels and nerve fibers. 
4. Spongy tissue is found on the interior of the bone, and compact bone tissue is found on the exterior.

Which of the following statements about muscle contraction is true? 

1. The power stroke occurs when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and phosphate. 
2. The power stroke occurs when ADP and phosphate dissociate from the myosin head. 
3. The power stroke occurs when ADP and phosphate dissociate from the actin active site. 
4. The power stroke occurs when Ca2+ binds the calcium head. 

The deadly nerve gas Sarin irreversibly inhibits Acetylcholinesterase. What effect would Sarin have on muscle contraction? 

The deadly nerve gas Sarin irreversibly inhibits Acetylcholinesterase. What effect would Sarin have on muscle contraction? 

The pectoral girdle consists of the: 

a. clavicle and sternum 

b. sternum and scapula 

c. clavicle and scapula 

d. clavicle and coccyx 

The pectoral girdle consists of the: 

1. clavicle and sternum 
2. sternum and scapula 
3. clavicle and scapula 
4. clavicle and coccyx 

All of the following are groups of vertebrae except ________, which is a curvature. 

1. thoracic 
2. cervical 
3. lumbar 
4. pelvic 

Which of these is a facial bone? 

1. frontal 
2. occipital 
3. lacrimal  
4. temporal 

Which of the following is not a true statement comparing exoskeletons and endoskeletons?  

1. Endoskeletons can support larger organisms.  
2. Only endoskeletons can grow as an organism grows. 
3. Exoskeletons provide greater protection of the internal organs.  
4. Exoskeletons provide less mechanical leverage.

The Haversian canal: 

1. is arranged as rods or plates 
2. contains the bone’s blood vessels and nerve fibers 
3. is responsible for the lengthwise growth of long bones 
4. synthesizes and secretes matrix

The epiphyseal plate: 

1. is arranged as rods or plates 
2. contains the bone’s blood vessels and nerve fibers  
3. is responsible for the lengthwise growth of long bones 
4. synthesizes and secretes bone matrix 

The cells responsible for bone resorption are ________. 

1. osteoclasts 
2. osteoblasts 
3. fibroblasts 
4. osteocytes 

Compact bone is composed of ________. a.

1. trabeculae 
2. compacted collagen 
3. osteons 
4. calcium phosphate only 

Osteoporosis is a condition where bones become weak and brittle. It is caused by an imbalance in the activity of which cells? 

1. osteoclasts and osteoblasts 
2. osteoclasts and osteocytes 
3. osteoblasts and chondrocytes 
4. osteocytes and chondrocytes 

While assembling a skeleton of a new species, a scientist points to one of the bones and observes that it looks like the most likely site of leg muscle attachment. What kind of bone did she indicate? 

1. sesamoid bone  
2. long bone 
3. trabecular bone  
4. flat bone 

Synchondroses and symphyses are: 

1. synovial joints 
2. cartilaginous joints 
3. fibrous joints 
4. condyloid joints 

The movement of bone away from the midline of the body is called ________. 

1. circumduction 
2. extension 
3. adduction 
4. abduction 

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the synovial fluid? 

a. lubrication 

b. shock absorption 

c. regulation of water balance in the joint 

d. protection of articular cartilage 

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the synovial fluid? 

1. lubrication 
2. shock absorption  
3. regulation of water balance in the joint 
4. protection of articular cartilage 

The elbow is an example of which type of joint?

a. hinge

b. pivot

c. saddle

d. gliding

The elbow is an example of which type of joint? 

1. hinge 
2. pivot 
3. saddle 
4. gliding 

The cell membrane of a muscle fiber is called a ________. 

a. myofibril 

b. sarcolemma 

c. sarcoplasm 

d. myofilament 

The cell membrane of a muscle fiber is called a ________. 

1. myofibril 
2. sarcolemma 
3. sarcoplasm 
4. myofilament 

The muscle relaxes if no new nerve signal arrives. However the neurotransmitter from the previous stimulation is still present in the synapse. The activity of________ helps to remove this neurotransmitter.

a. myosin

b. action potential

c. tropomyosin

d. acetylcholinesterase

The muscle relaxes if no new nerve signal arrives. However the neurotransmitter from the previous stimulation is still present in the synapse. The activity of ________ helps to remove this neurotransmitter. 

1. myosin 
2. action potential 
3. tropomyosin 
4. acetylcholinesterase

The ability of a muscle to generate tension immediately after stimulation is dependent on: 

1. myosin interaction with the M line 
2. overlap of myosin and actin 
3. actin attachments to the Z line  
4. none of the above 

Botulinum toxin causes flaccid paralysis of the muscles, and is used for cosmetic purposes under the name Botox. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of action of Botox? 

1. Botox decreases the production of acetylcholinesterase. 
2. Botox increases calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 
3. Botox blocks the ATP binding site in actin. 
4. Botox decreases the release of acetylcholine from motor neurons. 

Describe the joints and motions involved in taking a step forward if a person is initially standing still. Assume the person holds his foot at the same angle throughout the motion. 

Describe the joints and motions involved in taking a step forward if a person is initially standing still. Assume the person holds his foot at the same angle throughout the motion. 

How would muscle contractions be affected if ATP was completely depleted in a muscle fiber? 

How would muscle contractions be affected if ATP was completely depleted in a muscle fiber? 

What factors contribute to the amount of tension produced in an individual muscle fiber? 

What factors contribute to the amount of tension produced in an individual muscle fiber? 

What effect will low blood calcium have on neurons? What effect will low blood calcium have on skeletal muscles? 

What effect will low blood calcium have on neurons? What effect will low blood calcium have on skeletal muscles? 

Skeletal muscles can only produce a mechanical force as they are contracted, but a leg flexes and extends while walking. How can muscles perform this task? 

Skeletal muscles can only produce a mechanical force as they are contracted, but a leg flexes and extends while walking. How can muscles perform this task?