Chapter 16

Explain why the effects of steroid hormones are seen after a longer delay than the effects of peptide hormones.

Construct a table to compare the hormones involved in water and salt balance. Include the site of secretion and molecular structure of each hormone, the principal stimuli that cause its secretion, its effect on target cells, and other information you consider important.

Construct a table to compare the hormones imvolved in water and salt balance. Include the site of secretion and molecular structure of each hormone, the principal stimuli that cause its secretion, its effect on target cells, and other information you consider important.

Insulin secretion is essential in metabolism. What type of molecule is insulin? What structure secretes it? What factors control its secretion? What is/are its target tissue(s)? What effect(s) does it texert?

Compare and contrast the functions and modes of action of the following pairs of hormones: inewlin and glucagon; active vitamin \(D\) and parathyroid horrone; adrenocorticotropic hormone \((\mathrm{ACTH})\) and cortisol.

Compare and contrast the structure and functions of hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons that send their axons to the posterior pituitary gland with those of hypothalamic neurasecretory neurons that have axons terminating on the capillary network of the median eminence.

List the similarities and differences between prothoracicotropic hormone \((\mathrm{PITH})\) and ecdysone. Consider the structural and functional characteristics of both molecules.

In patients receiving cortisone drug therapy, adrenocorticotropic hormone \((\mathrm{ACTH})\) secretion decreases, and the adrenal glands shrink. Lsing your knowledge of the HPA axis, feedback mechanisms, and the tropic functions of homones, explain why patients experience these changes.

Using your knowledge of the stress response, explain why the physiological changes of the stress response are important to survival in the short term and deleterious when they persist over long periods.

Define/describe negative feedback in endocrine controls and explain its physiological significance.

Discuss antagonism, permissiveness, and synergism in the context of hormone interactions.