Chapter 7

View this animation (http://openstaxcollege.org/// headblow) to see how a blow to the head may produce a contrecoup (counterblow) fracture of the basilar portion of the occipital bone on the base of the skull. Why may a basilar fracture be life threatening?

Osteoporosis is a common age-related bone disease in which bone density and strength is decreased. Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/osteoporosis) to get a better understanding of how thoracic vertebrae may become weakened and may fractured due to this disease. How may vertebral osteoporosis contribute to kyphosis?

Watch this animation (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/ diskslip) to see what it means to "slip” a disk. Watch this second animation (http://openstaxcollege.org/I/ herndisc) to see one possible treatment for a herniated disc, removing and replacing the damaged disc with an artificial one that allows for movement between the adjacent certebrae. How could lifting a heavy object produce pain in a lower limb?

Use this tool (http://openstaxcollege.org/I/ vertcolumn) to identify the bones, intervertebral discs, and ligaments of the vertebral column. The thickest portions of the anterior longitudinal ligament and the supraspinous ligament are found in which regions of the vertebral column?

Which of the following is part of the axial skeleton? a. shoulder bones b. thigh bone C. foot bones d. vertebral column

Which of the following is a function of the axial skeleton? a. allows for movement of the wrist and hand b. protects nerves and blood vessels at the elbow C. supports trunk of body d. allows for movements of the ankle and foot

The axial skeleton ________. a. consists of 126 bones b. forms the vertical axis of the body c. includes all bones of the body trunk and limbs d. includes only the bones of the lower limbs

Which of the following is a bone of the brain case? a. parietal bone b. zygomatic bone c. maxillary bone d. lacrimal bone

The lambdoid suture joins the parietal bone to the _____. a. frontal bone b. occipital bone c. other parietal bone d. temporal bone

The middle cranial fossa ________. a. is bounded anteriorly by the petrous ridge b. is bounded posteriorly by the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone c. is divided at the midline by a small area of the ethmoid bone d. has the foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, and foramen spinosum

The paranasal sinuses are _____. a. air-filled spaces found within the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones only b. air-filled spaces found within all bones of the skull C. not connected to the nasal cavity d. divided at the midline by the nasal septum

Parts of the sphenoid bone include the _____. a. sella turcica b. squamous portion c. glabella d. zygomatic process

The cervical region of the vertebral column consists of _____. a. seven vertebrae b. 12 vertebrae C. five vertebrae d. a single bone derived from the fusion of five vertebrae

The primary curvatures of the vertebral column _____. a. include the lumbar curve b. are remnants of the original fetal curvature c. include the cervical curve d. develop after the time of birth

A typical vertebra has _____. a. a vertebral foramen that passes through the body b. a superior articular process that projects downward to articulate with the superior portion of the next lower vertebra C. lamina that spans between the transverse process and spinous process d. a pair of laterally projecting spinous processes

A typical lumbar vertebra has _____. a. a short, rounded spinous process b. a bifid spinous process c. articulation sites for ribs d. a transverse foramen

Which is found only in the cervical region of the vertebral column? a. nuchal ligament b. ligamentum flavum c. supraspinous ligament d. anterior longitudinal ligament

The sternum _____. a. consists of only two parts, the manubrium and xiphoid process b. has the sternal angle located between the manubrium and body c. receives direct attachments from the costal cartilages of all 12 pairs of ribs d. articulates directly with the thoracic vertebrae

The sternal angle is the _____. a. junction between the body and xiphoid process b. site for attachment of the clavicle C. site for attachment of the floating ribs d. junction between the manubrium and body

The tubercle of a rib _____. a. is for articulation with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra b. is for articulation with the body of a thoracic vertebra C. provides for passage of blood vessels and a nerve d. is the area of greatest rib curvature

True ribs are _____. a. ribs \(8-12\) b. attached via their costal cartilage to the next higher rib c. made entirely of bone, and thus do not have a costal cartilage d. attached via their costal cartilage directly to the sternum

Embryonic development of the axial skeleton involves _____. a. intramembranous ossification, which forms the facial bones. b. endochondral ossification, which forms the ribs and sternum c. the notochord, which produces the cartilage models for the vertebrae d. the formation of hyaline cartilage models, which give rise to the flat bones of the skull

A fontanelle _____. a. is the cartilage model for a vertebra that later is converted into bone b. gives rise to the facial bones and vertebrae c. is the rod-like structure that runs the length of the early embryo d. is the area of fibrous connective tissue found at birth between the brain case bones

Define the two divisions of the skeleton.

Discuss the functions of the axial skeleton.

Define and list the bones that form the brain case or support the facial structures.

Identify the major sutures of the skull, their locations, and the bones united by each.

Describe the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae and their boundaries, and give the midline structure that divides each into right and left areas.

Describe the vertebral column and define each region.

Describe a typical vertebra.

Describe the sacrum.

Describe the structure and function of an intervertebral disc.

Define the ligaments of the vertebral column.

Define the parts and functions of the thoracic cage.

Describe the parts of the sternum.

Discuss the process that gives rise to the base and facial bones of the skull.