Chapter 26

Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l dynamicfluid) to see an explanation of the dynamics of fluid in the body's compartments. What happens in tissues when capillary blood pressure is less than osmotic pressure?

Solute contributes to the movement of water between cells and the surrounding medium by a. osmotic pressure b. hydrostatic pressure c. Brownian movement d. random motion

A cation has a(n) charge. a. neutral b. positive C. alternating d. negative

Interstitial fluid (IF) is a. the fluid in the cytosol of the cells b. the fluid component of blood c. the fluid that bathes all of the body's cells except for blood cells d. the intracellular fluids found between membranes

The largest amount of water comes into the body via a. metabolism b. foods c. liquids d. humidified air

The largest amount of water leaves the body via a. the GI tract b. the skin as sweat C. expiration d. urine

Insensible water loss is water lost via a. skin evaporation and in air from the lungs b. urine c. excessive sweating d. vomiting or diarrhea

Bone serves as a mineral reserve for which two ions? a. sodium and potassium b. calcium and phosphate c. chloride and bicarbonate d. calcium and bicarbonate

Electrolytes are lost mostly through a. renal function b. sweating C. feces d. respiration

The major cation in extracellular fluid is a. sodium b. potassium c. chloride d. bicarbonate

The major cation in intracellular fluid is a. sodium b. potassium c. chloride d. bicarbonate

The major anion in extracellular fluid is a. sodium b. potassium c. chloride d. bicarbonate

Most of the body's calcium is found in a. teeth b. bone c. plasma d. extracellular fluids

Abnormally increased blood levels of sodium are termed a. hyperkalemia b. hyperchloremia c. hypernatremia d. hypercalcemia

Which two ions are most affected by aldosterone? a. sodium and potassium b. chloride and bicarbonate c. calcium and phosphate d. sodium and phosphate

Which of the following is the most important buffer inside red blood cells? a. plasma proteins b. hemoglobin c. phosphate buffers d. bicarbonate: carbonic acid buffer

Which explanation best describes why plasma proteins can function as buffers? a. Plasma proteins combine with bicarbonate to make a stronger buffer. b. Plasma proteins are immune to damage from acids. C. Proteins have both positive and negative charges on their surface. d. Proteins are alkaline.

The buffer that is adjusted to control acid-base balance is a. plasma protein b. hemoglobin C. phosphate buffer d. bicarbonate: carbonic acid buffer

Carbonic acid levels are controlled through the a. respiratory system b. renal system C. digestive system d. metabolic rate of cells

Bicarbonate ion concentrations in the blood are controlled through the a. respiratory system b. renal system C. digestive system d. metabolic rate of cells

Which reaction is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase? a. \(\mathrm{HPO}_{4}^{2-}+\mathrm{H}^{+} \leftrightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{PO}_{4}\) b. \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \leftrightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}\) c. \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{PO}_{4}-\mathrm{OH}^{-} \leftrightarrow \mathrm{HPO}_{4}^{2}-\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) d. \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3} \leftrightarrow \mathrm{HCO}_{3-}+\mathrm{H}^{+}\)

Which of the following is a cause of respiratory acidosis? a. emphysema b. low blood \(\mathrm{K}^{+}\) c. increased aldosterone d. increased blood ketones

Which of the following is characterized as metabolic alkalosis? a. increased \(\mathrm{pH}\), decreased \(\mathrm{pCO}_{2}\), decreased \(\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}\) b. increased \(\mathrm{pH}\), increased \(\mathrm{pCO}_{2}\), increased \(\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}\) c. decreased \(\mathrm{pH}\), decreased \(\mathrm{pCO}_{2},\) decreased \(\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}\) d. decreased \(\mathrm{pH}\), increased \(\mathrm{pCO}_{2}\), increased \(\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}\)

Describe the effect of \(\mathrm{ADH}\) on renal collecting tubules.

Why is it important for the amount of water intake to equal the amount of water output?

Explain how the \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) generated by cells and exhaled in the lungs is carried as bicarbonate in the blood.

Describe the conservation of bicarbonate ions in the renal system.

Describe the control of blood carbonic acid levels through the respiratory system.

Case Study: Bob is a 64 -year-old male admitted to the emergency room for asthma. His laboratory results are as follows: \(\mathrm{pH} 7.31, \mathrm{pCO}_{2}\) higher than normal, and total \(\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}\) also higher than normal. Classify his acid-base balance as acidosis or alkalosis, and as metabolic or respiratory. Is there evidence of compensation? Propose the mechanism by which asthma contributed to the lab results seen.

Case Study: Kim is a 38-year-old women admitted to the hospital for bulimia. Her laboratory results are as follows: \(\mathrm{pH} 7.48, \mathrm{pCO}_{2}\) in the normal range, and total \(\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}\) higher than normal. Classify her acid-base balance as acidosis or alkalosis, and as metabolic or respiratory. Is there evidence of compensation? Propose the mechanism by which bulimia contributed to the lab results seen.