Chapter 24

A monosaccharide is formed from a polysaccharide in what kind of reaction? a. oxidation-reduction reaction b. anabolic reaction c. catabolic reaction d. biosynthetic reaction

If anabolic reactions exceed catabolic reactions, the result will be _____. a. weight loss b. weight gain c. metabolic rate change d. development of disease

When NAD becomes NADH, the coenzyme has been ________. a. reduced b. oxidized c. metabolized d. hydrolyzed

Anabolic reactions use energy by _____. a. turning ADP into ATP b. removing a phosphate group from ATP c. producing heat d. breaking down molecules into smaller parts

Glycolysis results in the production of two ________ molecules from a single molecule of glucose. In the absence of ________, the end product of glycolysis is ________. a. acetyl CoA, pyruvate, lactate b. ATP, carbon, pyruvate c. pyruvate, oxygen, lactate d. pyruvate, carbon, acetyl CoA

Which pathway produces the most ATP molecules? a. lactic acid fermentation b. the Krebs cycle c. the electron transport chain d. glycolysis

Aerobic cellular respiration results in the production of these two products. a. \(\quad \mathrm{NADH}\) and \(\mathrm{FADH}_{2}\) b. ATP and pyruvate c. ATP and glucose d. ATP and \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\)

When \(\mathrm{NAD}^{+}\) becomes NADH, the coenzyme has been _____. a. reduced b. oxidized c. metabolized d. hydrolyzed

Lipids in the diet can be _____. a. broken down into energy for the body b. stored as triglycerides for later use C. converted into acetyl CoA d. all of the above

The gallbladder provides ________ that aid(s) in transport of lipids across the intestinal membrane. a. lipases b. cholesterol c. proteins d. bile salts

Triglycerides are transported by chylomicrons because _____. a. they cannot move easily in the blood stream because they are fat based, while the blood is water based b. they are too small to move by themselves c. the chylomicrons contain enzymes they need for anabolism d. they cannot fit across the intestinal membrane

Which molecule produces the most ATP? a. carbohydrates b. \(\mathrm{FADH}_{2}\) C. triglycerides d. \(\quad\) NADH

Which molecules can enter the Krebs cycle? a. chylomicrons b. acetyl \(\operatorname{CoA}\) C. monoglycerides d. ketone bodies

Acetyl CoA can be converted to all of the following except _____. a. ketone bodies b. fatty acids c. polysaccharides d. triglycerides

Digestion of proteins begins in the ________ where ________ and ________ mix with food to break down protein into ________. a. stomach; amylase; HCl; amino acids b. mouth; pepsin; HCl; fatty acids c. stomach; lipase; HCl; amino acids d. stomach; pepsin; HCl; amino acids

Amino acids are needed to ________. a. build new proteins b. serve as fat stores c. supply energy for the cell d. create red blood cells

If an amino acid is not used to create new proteins, it can be ________. a. converted to acetyl CoA b. converted to glucose or ketones c. converted to nitrogen d. stored to be used later

During the absorptive state, glucose levels are ________, insulin levels are ________, and glucagon levels ________. a. high; low; stay the same b. low; low; stay the same c. high; high; are high d. high; high; are low

Starvation sets in after 3 to 4 days without food. Which hormones change in response to low glucose levels? a. glucagon and insulin b. ketones and glucagon c. insulin, glucose, and glucagon d. insulin and ketones

The postabsorptive state relies on stores of ________ in the ________. a. insulin; pancreas b. glucagon; pancreas c. glycogen; liver d. glucose; liver

The body's temperature is controlled by the _____. This temperature is always kept between _____. a. pituitary; \(36.5-37.5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) b. hypothalamus; \(97.7-99.5^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\) c. hypothalamus; \(36.5-37.5^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\) d. pituitary; \(97.7-99.5^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\)

Fever increases the body temperature and can induce chills to help cool the temperature back down. What other mechanisms are in place to regulate the body temperature? a. shivering b. sweating C. erection of the hairs on the arms and legs d. all of the above

The heat you feel on your chair when you stand up was transferred from your skin via _____. a. conduction b. convection c. radiation d. evaporation

A crowded room warms up through the mechanism of _____. a. conduction b. convection C. radiation d. evaporation

A deficiency in vitamin A can result in _____. a. improper bone development b. scurvy C. improper eye development or sight d. all of the above

Rickets results in improper bone development in children that arises from the malabsorption of calcium and a deficiency in _____. a. vitamin \(\mathrm{D}\) b. vitamin \(C\) c. vitamin \(\mathrm{B}_{12}\) d. niacin

Consuming which type of food will help the most with weight loss? a. fats b. vegetables c. lean meats d. fruits

Describe how Addison's disease can be treated.

Insulin is released when food is ingested and stimulates the uptake of glucose into the cell. Discuss the mechanism cells employ to create a concentration gradient to ensure continual uptake of glucose from the bloodstream.

Discuss how carbohydrates can be stored as fat.

If a diabetic's breath smells like alcohol, what could this mean?

Amino acids are not stored in the body. Describe how excess amino acids are processed in the cell.

Release of trypsin and chymotrypsin in their active form can result in the digestion of the pancreas or small intestine itself. What mechanism does the body employ to prevent its self-destruction?

In type II diabetes, insulin is produced but is nonfunctional. These patients are described as "starving in a sea of plenty," because their blood glucose levels are high, but none of the glucose is transported into the cells. Describe how this leads to malnutrition.

How does vasoconstriction help increase the core temperature of the body?

How can the ingestion of food increase the body temperature?

Weight loss and weight gain are complex processes. What are some of the main factors that influence weight gain in people?

Some low-fat or non-fat foods contain a large amount of sugar to replace the fat content of the food. Discuss how this leads to increased fat in the body (and weight gain) even though the item is non-fat.