Chapter 17

Visit this link (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/ hormonebind) to watch an animation of the events that occur when a hormone binds to a cell membrane receptor. What is the secondary messenger made by adenylyl cyclase during the activation of liver cells by epinephrine?

Endocrine glands ___________. a. secrete hormones that travel through a duct to the target organs b. release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft C. secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream d. include sebaceous glands and sweat glands

Chemical signaling that affects neighboring cells is called _______. a. autocrine b. paracrine C. endocrine d. neuron

A small molecule binds to a G protein, preventing its activation. What direct effect will this have on signaling that involves cAMP? a. The hormone will not be able to bind to the hormone receptor. b. Adenylyl cyclase will not be activated. c. Excessive quantities of cAMP will be produced. d. The phosphorylation cascade will be initiated.

A student is in a car accident, and although not hurt, immediately experiences pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and rapid breathing. What type of endocrine system stimulus did the student receive? a. humoral b. hormonal C. neural d. positive feedback

The hypothalamus is functionally and anatomically connected to the posterior pituitary lobe by a bridge of _________. a. blood vessels b. nerve axons c. cartilage d. bone

Which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone? a. \(\mathrm{ADH}\) b. oxytocin c. \(\mathrm{TSH}\) d. cortisol

How many hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary? a. 0 b. 1 C. 2 d. 6

Which of the following hormones contributes to the regulation of the body's fluid and electrolyte balance? a. adrenocorticotropic hormone b. antidiuretic hormone c. luteinizing hormone d. all of the above

Which of the following statements about the thyroid gland is true? a. It is located anterior to the trachea and inferior to the larynx. b. The parathyroid glands are embedded within it. C. It manufactures three hormones. d. all of the above

The secretion of thyroid hormones is controlled by __________. a. TSH from the hypothalamus b. TSH from the anterior pituitary C. thyroxine from the anterior pituitary d. thyroglobulin from the thyroid's parafollicular cells

The development of a goiter indicates that __________. a. the anterior pituitary is abnormally enlarged b. there is hypertrophy of the thyroid's follicle cells c. there is an excessive accumulation of colloid in the thyroid follicles d. the anterior pituitary is secreting excessive growth hormone

Iodide ions cross from the bloodstream into follicle cells via ___________. a. simple diffusion b. facilitated diffusion C. active transport d. osmosis

When blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates _______. a. urinary excretion of calcium by the kidneys b. a reduction in calcium absorption from the intestines C. the activity of osteoblasts d. the activity of osteoclasts

Which of the following can result from hyperparathyroidism? a. increased bone deposition b. fractures C. Convulsions d. all of the above

The adrenal glands are attached superiorly to which organ? a. thyroid b. liver c. kidneys d. hypothalamus

What secretory cell type is found in the adrenal medulla? a. chromaffin cells b. neuroglial cells c. follicle cells d. oxyphil cells

Cushing's disease is a disorder caused by ___________. a. abnormally low levels of cortisol b. abnormally high levels of cortisol c. abnormally low levels of aldosterone d. abnormally high levels of aldosterone

Which of the following responses s not part of the fight-or-flight response? a. pupil dilation b. increased oxygen supply to the lungs c. suppressed digestion d. reduced mental activity

What cells secrete melatonin? a. melanocytes b. pinealocytes c. suprachiasmatic nucleus cells d. retinal cells

The production of melatonin is inhibited by __________. a. declining levels of light b. exposure to bright light c. the secretion of serotonin d. the activity of pinealocytes

The gonads produce what class of hormones? a. amine hormones b. peptide hormones C. steroid hormones d. catecholamines

The production of FSH by the anterior pituitary is reduced by which hormone? a. estrogens b. progesterone c. relaxin d. inhibin

The function of the placental hormone human placental lactogen (hPL) is to __________. a. prepare the breasts for lactation b. nourish the placenta c. regulate the menstrual cycle d. all of the above

If an autoimmune disorder targets the alpha cells, production of which hormone would be directly affected? a. somatostatin b. pancreatic polypeptide C. insulin d. glucagon

Which of the following statements about insulin is true? a. Insulin acts as a transport protein, carrying glucose across the cell membrane. b. Insulin facilitates the movement of intracellular glucose transporters to the cell membrane. C. Insulin stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose. d. Insulin stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb glucose into the bloodstream.

The walls of the atria produce which hormone? a. cholecystokinin b. atrial natriuretic peptide C. renin d. calcitriol

The end result of the RAAS is to _________. a. reduce blood volume b. increase blood glucose c. reduce blood pressure d. increase blood pressure

Athletes may take synthetic EPO to boost their ___________. a. blood calcium levels b. secretion of growth hormone c. blood oxygen levels d. muscle mass

Hormones produced by the thymus play a role in the _________. a. development of \(\mathrm{T}\) cells b. preparation of the body for childbirth c. regulation of appetite d. release of hydrochloric acid in the stomach

The anterior pituitary gland develops from which embryonic germ layer? a. oral ectoderm b. neural ectoderm C. mesoderm d. endoderm

In the elderly, decreased thyroid function causes ________. a. increased tolerance for cold b. decreased basal metabolic rate c. decreased body fat d. osteoporosis

Describe several main differences in the communication methods used by the endocrine system and the nervous system.

Compare and contrast endocrine and exocrine glands.

Describe the mechanism of hormone response resulting from the binding of a hormone with an intracellular receptor.

Compare and contrast the anatomical relationship of the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.

Name the target tissues for prolactin.

Explain why maternal iodine deficiency might lead to neurological impairment in the fetus.

Define hyperthyroidism and explain why one of its symptoms is weight loss.

Describe the role of negative feedback in the function of the parathyroid gland.

Explain why someone with a parathyroid gland tumor might develop kidney stones.

What are the three regions of the adrenal cortex and what hormones do they produce?

If innervation to the adrenal medulla were disrupted, what would be the physiological outcome?

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a mood disorder characterized by, among other symptoms, increased appetite, sluggishness, and increased sleepiness. It occurs most commonly during the winter months, especially in regions with long winter nights. Propose a role for melatonin in SAD and a possible non-drug therapy.

Compare and contrast the role of estrogens and progesterone.

Describe the role of placental secretion of relaxin in preparation for childbirth.

What would be the physiological consequence of a disease that destroyed the beta cells of the pancreas?

Why is foot care extremely important for people with diabetes mellitus?

Compare and contrast the thymus gland in infancy and adulthood.

Distinguish between the effects of menopause and andropause on fertility.