Q19E - Fundamentals Of Differential Equations And Boundary Value Problems

Question

In Problems 19–24, convert the given second-order equation into a first-order system by setting v=y’. Then find all the critical points in the yv-plane. Finally, sketch (by hand or software) the direction fields, and describe the stability of the critical points (i.e., compare with Figure 5.12).

$\frac{{\mathbf{d}}^{\mathbf{2}}\mathbf{x}}{\mathbf{d}{\mathbf{t}}^{\mathbf{2}}}\mathbf{-}\mathit{y}\mathbf{=}\mathbf{0}$

Step-by-Step Solution

Answer

The point is an unstable saddle point (0, 0).

Step 1: Find the critical point

Here the equation is $\frac{d^{2}x}{d{t}^2}-y=0$.

Put $v=y\text{'} \mathrm{and} v\text{'}=y\text{'}\text{'}$.

Then the system is:

$$\begin{gathered} y\text{'}=v \\ y\text{'}\text{'}=y \\ v\text{'}=y \end{gathered}$$ 

For critical points equate the system equal to zero.

 $$\begin{gathered} v=0 \\ y=0 \end{gathered}$$

 

So, the critical point is (0, 0). 

The phase plane equation is:

$$\begin{gathered} \frac{dv}{dy}=\frac{y}{v} \\ \int vdv=\int ydy \\ {v}^2-y^2=c \end{gathered}$$ 

Step 2: Sketch

This is the required result.