Q11.38CP - Chemistry: Molecular Nature Of Matter And Change

Question

Predict the shape, state the hybridization of the central atom, and give the ideal bond angle(s) and any expected deviations for:

 $$\begin{gathered} \mathbf{\left(}\mathbf{a}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{ }{\mathbf{BrO}}_{\mathbf{3}}\mathbf{ } \\ \mathbf{\left(}\mathbf{b}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{AsC}{{\mathbf{l}}_{\mathbf{4}}}^{\mathbf{-}}\mathbf{ } \\ \mathbf{\left(}\mathbf{c}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{Se}{{\mathbf{O}}_{\mathbf{4}}}^{\mathbf{2}\mathbf{-}}\mathbf{ } \\ \mathbf{\left(}\mathbf{d}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{Bi}{{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathbf{5}}}^{\mathbf{2}\mathbf{-}}\mathbf{ } \\ \mathbf{\left(}\mathbf{e}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{Sb}{{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathbf{4}}}^{\mathbf{+}\mathbf{ }} \\ \mathbf{\left(}\mathbf{f}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{ }\mathbf{AI}{{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathbf{6}}}^{\mathbf{3}\mathbf{-}}\mathbf{ } \\ \mathbf{\left(}\mathbf{g}\mathbf{\right)}\mathbf{ }{{\mathbf{IF}}_{\mathbf{4}}}^{\mathbf{+}} \end{gathered}$$

Step-by-Step Solution

Answer

Hybridization of central atom and bond angle:

$$\begin{gathered} \left(\mathrm{a}\right) {\mathbf{BrO}}_{\mathbf{3}} ={\mathrm{sp}}^3 \mathrm{hybridized} \mathrm{having} \mathrm{geometry} \mathrm{tetrahedral} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{have} \mathrm{angle} {104}^{°} \\ \left(\mathrm{b}\right) \mathbf{AsC}{{\mathbf{l}}_{\mathbf{4}}}^{-} ={\mathrm{dsp}}^3 \mathrm{hybridized} \mathrm{having} \mathrm{geometry} \mathrm{square} \mathrm{pyramidal} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{have} \mathrm{angle} {102}^{°} \\ \left(\mathrm{c}\right) \mathbf{Se}{{\mathbf{O}}_{\mathbf{4}}}^{\mathbf{2}\mathbf{-}} ={\mathrm{sp}}^3 \mathrm{hybridized} \mathrm{having} \mathrm{geometry} \mathrm{tetrahedral} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{have} \mathrm{angle} {109}^{°} \\ \left(\mathrm{d}\right) \mathbf{Bi}{{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathbf{5}}}^{\mathbf{2}\mathbf{-}} ={\mathrm{sp}}^3{\mathrm{d}}^2 \mathrm{hybridized} \mathrm{having} \mathrm{geometry} \mathrm{square} \mathrm{pyramidal} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{have} \mathrm{angle} {90}^{°} \\ \left(\mathrm{e}\right) \mathbf{Sb}{{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathbf{4}}}^{\mathbf{+}\mathbf{ }}={\mathrm{sp}}^3 \mathrm{hybridized} \mathrm{having} \mathrm{geometry} \mathrm{tetrahedral} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{have} \mathrm{angle} {109}^{°} \\ \left(\mathrm{f}\right)\mathbf{ }\mathbf{AI}{{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathbf{6}}}^{\mathbf{3}\mathbf{-}} ={\mathrm{sp}}^3{\mathrm{d}}^2 \mathrm{hybridized} \mathrm{having} \mathrm{geometry} \mathrm{octahedral} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{have} \mathrm{angle} {90}^{°} \\ \left(\mathrm{g}\right)\mathbf{ }\mathbf{I}{{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathbf{4}}}^{\mathbf{+}}={\mathrm{sp}}^3\mathrm{d} \mathrm{hybridized} \mathrm{having} \mathrm{geometry} \mathrm{square} \mathrm{pyramidal} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{have} \mathrm{angle} 103.{60}^{°} \end{gathered}$$

Step 1: Bonding

Bonding may be defined as the force of attraction between two or more atoms to form a compound. The molecule can have the same atom and a different atom.

Hybridization may be defined as the mixing of the atomic orbital to form a hybrid orbital before bonding with another atomic orbital having a similar atomic orbital. 

Step 2: Geometry Explanation

${{\mathbf{BrO}}_{\mathbf{3}}}^{\mathbf{-}}$Is the molecule having the hybridization of sp³ which is having geometry tetrahedral having a bond angle of 109^o. However, the shape of the molecule is a triangular plane.

As there is lone pair on the Br-atom which is not included in the shape but included in the geometry of the molecule. The bond angle between the atoms is 104^o because of the repulsion between the bond pair- lone pair.

                     

Step 3: Geometry Explanation

${{\mathbf{AsCl}}_{\mathbf{4}}}^{\mathbf{-}}$Is the molecule having the hybridisation of dsp³ which is having geometry tetrahedral having bond angle of 102^o. But the shape of the molecule is See-Saw. 

As there is lone pair on the As-atom which is not included in the shape but included in the geometry of the molecule. The bond angle between the atoms is 102^o because of the repulsion between the bond pair- lone pair.

                         

Step 4: Geometry Explanation

${{\mathbf{SeO}}_{\mathbf{4}}}^{\mathbf{2}\mathbf{-}}$Is the molecule having the hybridisation of sp³ which is having geometry tetrahedral having bond angle of 109^o. But the shape of the molecule is tetrahedral. 

            

Step 5: Geometry Explanation

${{\mathbf{BiF}}_{\mathbf{5}}}^{\mathbf{2}\mathbf{-}}$Is the molecule having the hybridisation of sp³d² which is having geometry octahedral having bond angle of 90^o. However, the shape of the molecule is square pyramidal.

As there is lone pair on the Bi-atom which is not included in the shape but included in the geometry of the molecule. The bond angle between the atoms is 90^o because of the repulsion between the bond pair- lone pair.

                         

Step 6: Geometry Explanation

${{\mathbf{SbF}}_{\mathbf{4}}}^{\mathbf{+}}$Is the molecule having the hybridisation of sp³ which is having geometry tetrahedral having bond angle of 109^o. But the shape of the molecule is tetrahedral. 

There is a single bond between the F-atom and Sb-atom.

Step 7: Geometry Explanation

${{\mathbf{AIF}}_{\mathbf{6}}}^{\mathbf{3}\mathbf{-}}$Is the molecule having the hybridization of sp³d² which is having geometry octahedral having bond angle of 90^o. But the shape of the molecule is octahedral.

                          

Step 8: Geometry Explanation

${{\mathbf{IF}}_{\mathbf{4}}}^{\mathbf{+}}$Is the molecule having the hybridization of sp³d which is having geometry square pyramidal having bond angle of 102^o. However, the shape of the molecule is square pyramidal.

As there is lone pair on the I-atom which is not included in the shape but included in the geometry of the molecule. The bond angle between the atoms is 103.6^o because of the repulsion between the bond pair- lone pair.