Q. 6.106 - An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Question

Consider the following bonds : $\mathrm{F} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl}, \mathrm{Cl} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl} , \mathrm{Cs} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl} , \mathrm{O} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl}, \mathrm{Ca} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl}.$

(a) Which bonds are polar covalent ?

(b) Which bonds are non polar covalent ?

(c) Which bonds are ionic?

(d) Arrange the covalent bonds in order of decreasing polarity.

Step-by-Step Solution

Answer

(a) The bonds between $\mathrm{F} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl}, \mathrm{O} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl}$ are polar covalent bonds .

(b) The $\mathrm{Cl} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl}$ bond is non-polar.

(c) $\mathrm{Cs} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Ca} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl}$are ionic.

(d) $F-Cl > Cl-O > Cl-Cl.$is the order of decreasing polarity.

Part (a) Step 1: Given Information

We need to find that Which bonds are polar covalent in  $\mathrm{F} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl}, \mathrm{Cl} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl} , \mathrm{Cs} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl} , \mathrm{O} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl}, \mathrm{Ca} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl}.$

Part (a) Step 2: Explanation

The bonds between $\mathrm{F} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl}, \mathrm{O} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl}$ are polar covalent bonds due to their different electronegativities which led to the unequal electron sharing resulting polarization.

Part (b) Step 1: Given Information

We need to find that Which bonds are non polar covalent in  $\mathrm{F} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl}, \mathrm{Cl} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl} , \mathrm{Cs} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl} , \mathrm{O} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl}, \mathrm{Ca} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl}.$. 

Part (b) Step 2: Explanation

The homo diatomic bond $\mathrm{Cl} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl}$ is non-polar and covalent as the electronegativity differences is 0. 

Part (c) Step 1: Given Information

We need to find that Which bonds are ionic bonds in  $\mathrm{F} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl}, \mathrm{Cl} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl} , \mathrm{Cs} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl} , \mathrm{O} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl}, \mathrm{Ca} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl}.$

Part (c) Step 2: Explanation

We know that $\mathrm{Cs} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl} , \mathrm{Ca} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl}$ are ionic bonds  because the bond is formed between metal and non metal .

Part (d) Step 1: Given Information

We are  to Arrange the covalent bonds in order of decreasing polarity in  $\mathrm{F} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl}, \mathrm{Cl} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl} , \mathrm{Cs} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl} , \mathrm{O} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl}, \mathrm{Ca} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{Cl}.$

Part (d) Step 2: Explanation

Greater the electronegativity difference between the constituent atoms, greater will be the polarity. The electronegativity order of the above nonmetals follows the order:$\mathrm{F}>\mathrm{O}>\mathrm{Cl}$. Therefore, the correct decreasing order will be $\mathrm{F}-\mathrm{Cl} > \mathrm{Cl}-\mathrm{O} > \mathrm{Cl}-\mathrm{Cl}.$.