Q 54. - The Practice of Statistics for AP

Question

Carbon dioxide emissions Burning fuels in power plants and motor vehicles emit carbon dioxide

$\left({CO}_2\right)$, which contributes to global warming. The table below displays ${CO}_2$ emissions per person from countries with populations of at least $20$ million.

(a) Make a histogram of the data using classes of width $2$, starting at $0$

(b) Describe the shape, center, and spread of the distribution. Which countries are outliers?

Step-by-Step Solution

Answer

Part (b) Shape: skewed to the right

Center: between $2$ and $4$ metric tons per person

Spread: $0.1$to $19.5$metric tons per person

Australia, Canada, and the United States are outliers.

Part (a) 

Step 1: Given information

The table is 

Country	Co2	Country	Co2	Country	CO2	Country	Co2
Algeria	2.6	Egypt	2.0	Italy	7.8	Romania	4.2
Argentina	3.6	Ethiopia	0.1	Japan	9.5	Russia	10.8
Australia	18.4	France	6.2	Kenya	0.3	Saudi Arabia	13.8
Bangladesh	0.3	Germany	9.9	Korea, North	3.3	South Africa	7.0
Brazil	1.8	Ghana	0.3	Korea, south	9.3	Spain	7.9
Canada	17.0	India	1.1	Malasia	5.5	Sudan	0.3
China	3.9	Indonesia	1.6	Mexico	3.7	Tanzania	0.1
Colombia	1.3	Iran	6.0	Morocco	1.4	Thailand	3.3
Congo	0.2	Iraq	2.9	Mayanmar	0.2	Tuekey	3.0

County	CO2	Country	CO2
Itay	7.8	Romania	4.2
Japan	9.5	Russia	10.8
Kenya	0.3	Saudi Arabia	13.8
Korea, North	3.3	South Africa	7.0
Korea, South	9.3	Spain	7.9
Malaysia	5.5	Sudan	0.3
Mexico	3.7	Tanzania	0.1
Morocco	1.4	Thailand	3.3
Myanmar	0.2	Turkey	3.0
Nepal	0.1	Ukraine	6.3
Nigeria	0.4	United Kingdom	8.8
Pakistan	0.8	United states	19.6
Peru	1.0	Uzbekistan	4.2
Philippines	0.9	Venezuela	5.4
Poland	7.8	Vietnam	1.0

Step 2: Concept

A histogram is a graphing tool that is often used. It's used to summarise data that's either discrete or continuous and measured on an interval scale. It's a popular way to display the important aspects of a data distribution in a user-friendly way.

Part (a) Step 3: Explanation

The following is a histogram of ${CO}_2$ emissions per person from nations with populations of at least $20$ million: 

Thus, a histogram is made for the given data.

Part (b) Step 1: Calculation

The form is asymmetrical and uneven. It is heavily tilted to one side. It appears to be more right-skewed. The average amount of emissions per person is between $4$ and $5$ metric tonnes. Three numbers stand out: $17, 18, 4, 19.6$

range = Minimum value − Maximum value

$$\begin{gathered} = 19.6 - 0.1 \\ = 19.5 \end{gathered}$$

Therefore, the data approximately follows the skewed distribution. Outliers in the data include Sweden, which has $17.4$ metric tonnes of emissions per person, and the United States, which has $19.6$ metric tonnes of emissions per person.