Q. 10.4 - An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Question

Name each of the following acids or bases:

a. $\mathrm{Al}(\mathrm{OH}{)}_3$

b. $\mathrm{HBr}$

c. ${\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{SO}}_4$

d. $\mathrm{KOH}$

e. ${\mathrm{HNO}}_2$

f. ${\mathrm{HClO}}_2$

Step-by-Step Solution

Answer

Part a

      Aluminum hydroxide gets its name from the fact that it is a strong base that produces ${\mathrm{OH}}^{-}$ (hydroxide ion) in water.

Part b

     Hydrobromic acid is the name given to $\mathrm{HBr}$ because it produces ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ (hydrogen ion) in water.

Part c

       This acid is known as sulfuric acid.

Part d

     Potassium hydroxide gets its name from the fact that it is a strong base that produces ${\mathrm{OH}}^{-}$(hydroxide ion) in water.

Part e

     This acid is called nitrous acid because it contains polyatomic ions with one less oxygen, hence the suffix "-ous."

Part f

     This acid is known as chlorous acid because it contains polyatomic ions with one less oxygen, therefore the suffix "-ous."

Step 1: Introduction (Part a)

 

Arrhenius acid-base systems:

Acid:

Acid is a substance that raises the concentration of other substances.${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$

According to Arrhenius, water contains (hydrogen ion). For example:

$\mathrm{HCl}\stackrel{{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}}{\to } {\mathrm{H}}^{+}+{\mathrm{Cl}}^{-}$

Base:

A base is a substance that enhances the concentration of the hydroxide ion, according to Arrhenius.$OH$ in water. For example:

$\mathrm{NaOH}\stackrel{{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}}{\to } {\mathrm{Na}}^{+}+{\mathrm{OH}}^{-}$

Step 2: Explanation (Part a)

Bronsted-acid-base Lowry's system:

Acid:

Acid is a substance that donates electrons.${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$

Bronsted-Lowry defines proton as (hydrogen ion). In general, Bronsted-Lowry acid is a proton donor.

Base:

A base, according to Bronsted-Lowry, is a substance that accepts the $H^{+}$ (hydrogen ion) or proton. In general, the Bronsted-Lowry base is a proton acceptor.

     

$$\begin{gathered} \mathrm{HCl}+{\mathrm{NH}}_3\to {\mathrm{NH}}_4+{\mathrm{Cl}}^{-} \\ \mathrm{acid} \mathrm{base} \end{gathered}$$

Step 3: Features of acids and bases (Part a)

Other characteristics of acids and bases include:

• Electrolytes include acids and bases.
• The acid flavour is sour, while the base flavour is harsh and chalky.
• The acid gives off a stinging sensation, while the base gives off a soapy, slick sensation.
• The litmus paper is under siege.
• Litmus paper becomes blue when exposed to acid and turns red when exposed to base.
• In phenolphthalein solution, acids appear colourless, while bases are pink.
• Acids neutralise bases and bases neutralise acids in the neutralisation process.

Step 4: A general rule for naming acids and bases (Part a)

A general rule for naming acids and bases is as follows:

1. Hydrogen acid is named after the prefix "hydro" and the suffix "ic."

2. Oxygen acids contain the suffix "ate" instead of "ic."

3. Use the prefix "per" and the suffix "-ic" when there is an extra oxygen in an oxygen acid.

4. In oxygen acid, when polyatomic ions with one less oxygen have the suffix "-ous."

5. Strong bases containing hydroxide ions, such as sodium hydroxide, have simple ionic compositions.

6. Molecular molecules and organic compounds are two common names for weak bases.

Step 5: Naming the following acids or bases option a (Part a)

Part a)

$\mathrm{Al}{\left(\mathrm{OH}\right)}_3$

    The name "aluminium hydroxide" comes from the fact that it is a strong base that creates aluminium.${\mathrm{OH}}^{-}$ in water (hydroxide ion) .

Step 6: Naming the following acids or bases option b (Part b)

Part b)

$\mathrm{HBr}$

     Hydrobromic acid is the name given to $\mathrm{HBr}$ because it produces ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ (hydrogen ion) in water.

Step 7: Naming the following acids or bases option c (Part c)

Part c)

${\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{SO}}_4$

     This acid is known as sulfuric acid.

Step 8: Naming the following acids or bases option d (Part d)

d)

$\mathrm{KOH}$

   The name potassium hydroxide comes from the fact that it is a strong base that creates potassium.${\mathrm{OH}}^{-}$(hydroxide ion) in water.

Step 9: Naming the following acids or bases option e (Part e)

e)

${\mathrm{HNO}}_2$

 The suffix "-ous" comes from the fact that this acid comprises polyatomic ions with one less oxygen.

Step 10: Naming the following acids or bases ( option f)

f)

${\mathrm{HClO}}_2$

 Because it includes polyatomic ions with one less oxygen, it is known as chlorous acid, thus the suffix "-ous."