Problem 92 - A Complete Resource Book in Chemistry for JEE Main

Question

Match list I with list II and select the correct answer using the code given below the lists. List I \(\quad\) List II A. Peroxy acetyl nitrate 1\. Waste incineration B. Polyacyclic aromatic 2\. Global warming hydrocarbons C. Dioxins 3\. Photochemical smog D. Indigo 4\. Carcinogens E. IR active molecules 5\. Vat dye Codes (a) \(\mathrm{A}-3, \mathrm{~B}-4, \mathrm{C}-1, \mathrm{D}-5, \mathrm{E}-2\) (b) \(\mathrm{A}-1, \mathrm{~B}-2, \mathrm{C}-3, \mathrm{D}-4, \mathrm{E}-5\) (c) \(\mathrm{A}-3, \mathrm{~B}-5, \mathrm{C}-\mathrm{I}, \mathrm{D}-2, \mathrm{E}-4\) (d) \(\mathrm{A}-2, \mathrm{~B}-3, \mathrm{C}-5, \mathrm{D}-4, \mathrm{E}-1\)

Step-by-Step Solution

Answer

The correct answer is (a) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-5, E-2.

Step 1: Match A with the Correct Option

Peroxy acetyl nitrate is a component of photochemical smog. Therefore, it matches with option 3 in List II.

Step 2: Match B with the Correct Option

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are recognized as carcinogens. Therefore, it matches with option 4 in List II.

Step 3: Match C with the Correct Option

Dioxins are by-products of waste incineration. Therefore, C matches with option 1 in List II.

Step 4: Match D with the Correct Option

Indigo is a vat dye, which matches with option 5 in List II.

Step 5: Match E with the Correct Option

IR active molecules contribute to global warming by absorbing infrared radiation. Therefore, E matches with option 2 in List II.

Key Concepts

Photochemical Smog

Photochemical smog is a type of air pollution that is mainly found in urban areas with high levels of sunlight. It is primarily formed when ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun reacts with pollutants like nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds present in the atmosphere. This reaction results in the creation of harmful substances such as peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN), ozone, and aldehydes.

• Originates from vehicle emissions and industrial activities.
• Can cause serious health issues like respiratory problems, eye irritation, and even long-term damage to lungs.
• Also known as "summer smog" due to its formation in warm, sunny conditions.

Minimizing the release of primary pollutants from vehicles and industries can help lessen photochemical smog. Implementing stricter emission standards and encouraging public transportation are essential steps to combat this form of pollution.

Carcinogens

Carcinogens are substances or agents that can lead to cancer by disrupting cellular processes. They interact with cellular DNA, causing mutations and potentially leading to the uncontrolled growth of cells, which results in cancer. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a common type of carcinogen.

• Found in tobacco smoke, grilled meats, and fossil fuel emissions.
• Prolonged exposure increases the risk of developing cancer.
• Important to limit exposure by using proper protective gear and following safety guidelines, especially in occupational settings.

Understanding the sources and effects of carcinogens is crucial for public health. Encouraging policies that regulate carcinogenic exposure in workplaces and enlightening communities about carcinogen sources can reduce cancer risks.

Waste Incineration

Waste incineration is a method of waste disposal that involves burning waste at high temperatures. This process reduces the volume of waste and can generate energy, but it has its environmental challenges. A significant concern is the release of harmful by-products like dioxins.

• Dioxins are a group of chemically-related compounds that are persistent environmental pollutants (POPs).
• They can cause reproductive and developmental problems, damage the immune system, and increase the risk of cancer.
• Modern incinerators are designed to minimize air pollutants and dioxin formation through cleaner processes and technologies.

Regulations that ensure efficient waste sorting and emissions control can mitigate the environmental impact of incineration. Shifting towards more sustainable waste management strategies, such as recycling and composting, is also beneficial.

Vat Dye

Vat dyes are water-insoluble dyes that require a process called vatting to become solubilized. One of the most famous vat dyes is indigo, traditionally used to dye denim.

• Vat dyes offer great colorfastness, making them ideal for textiles that require frequent washing.
• They undergo a chemical reduction to become soluble and bind to fabrics, after which they are oxidized back to form the insoluble dye.
• The dyeing process can be labor-intensive and requires careful handling of chemicals to avoid environmental pollution.

Sustainable practices and innovative techniques in dyeing processes can reduce the environmental footprint of vat dyes. By using closed-loop systems and safer chemical alternatives, we can ensure that beautiful, lasting colors are achieved with minimal environmental impact.

Global Warming

Global warming refers to the gradual increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities that increase greenhouse gas concentrations. One major contributor is the emission of infrared (IR) active molecules.

• Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO82), methane (CH4), and water vapor trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to climate change.
• Effects of global warming include rising sea levels, more extreme weather events, and shifts in biodiversity.
• Efforts to mitigate global warming focus on reducing emissions and transitioning to renewable energy sources.

Increasing awareness and fostering global cooperation to implement climate policies are vital in managing the impacts of global warming. By reducing dependence on fossil fuels and enhancing energy efficiency, societies can strive for a more sustainable future.