Problem 69 - Chemistry: Principles and Reactions

Question

A single-celled animal lives in a fresh-water lake. The cell is transferred into ocean water. Does it stay the same, shrink, or burst? Explain why.

Step-by-Step Solution

Answer

Answer: The single-celled animal's cell will shrink when it is transferred from the fresh-water lake to the ocean water due to the osmotic movement of water molecules through its semi-permeable membrane.

Step 1: Determine the concentration differences

The single-celled animal lives in a fresh-water lake, which has a lower concentration of dissolved solutes (salts, ions, and other molecules) compared to ocean water. Hence, the solute concentration inside the cell is higher than that in the fresh-water lake.

Step 2: Identify the cell membrane's role

When the cell is transferred into ocean water, which has a higher concentration of dissolved solutes, the cell membrane acts as a semi-permeable membrane, allowing the passage of water molecules but not solutes.

Step 3: Predict the movement of water molecules

Due to osmosis, water molecules will move out of the cell through the semi-permeable membrane, attempting to equalize the solute concentrations inside the cell and in the ocean water.

Step 4: Describe the effect on the cell

As water molecules leave the cell, the cell will lose water and shrink in size. In conclusion, the single-celled animal's cell will shrink when it is transferred from the fresh-water lake to the ocean water due to the osmotic movement of water molecules through its semi-permeable membrane.

Key Concepts

Semi-Permeable Membrane

Imagine a cell as a tiny, bustling city encased within a mighty wall that is selective about what can enter and exit. That wall is the semi-permeable membrane, also known as a selectively permeable membrane or a partially permeable membrane. Its fundamental role is to protect the cell's interior and regulate its interaction with the surrounding environment.

In terms of functionality, this membrane allows some substances, such as water molecules, to pass through freely while blocking others, such as larger molecules or ions. This selective permeability is critical because it ensures that essential substances can enter to sustain the cell’s life processes, while waste products and potentially harmful substances are kept out or expelled.

Real-World Analogy

Think of the semi-permeable membrane as a security checkpoint at an event. The security personnel (membrane proteins) allow certain guests (water molecules) to pass through effortlessly, while others (solute molecules) must have the proper credentials or be of the right size to enter.

Solute Concentration

The term solute concentration refers to the amount of solute that is dissolved in a solvent, which together create a solution. In the context of cells, this usually pertains to how many solute particles, like salts, sugars, and ions, are present in the cell's internal fluid compared to the surrounding environment.

Cells are master chemists, maintaining their internal solute concentrations meticulously. They can have either a higher or lower solute concentration than their external environment. If the concentration is higher inside, we call the external environment hypotonic; if it's lower inside, then the environment is hypertonic. Isotonic means equal concentration on both sides.

Importance of Balance

Maintaining the solute concentration is crucial for a cell's survival. Too much disparity can lead to cells gaining or losing water, which can culminate in cell swelling (cytolysis) or shrinking (plasmolysis)—conditions that can strongly affect cellular functions.

Osmotic Movement

Osmotic movement is the travel of water through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. This natural phenomenon aims to balance solute concentrations on either side of the membrane, and it does this without the need for the cell to expend energy—it's a passive process.

Osmosis is not just a cellular event; it's a survival tactic. Cells use osmosis to regulate their internal environment, or homeostasis, by controlling the influx and outflow of water. If the fluid outside the cell has a higher solute concentration, water will move out of the cell. Conversely, if the external fluid has a lower solute concentration, water will flow into the cell.

Dire Consequences

Understanding osmotic movement is critical because of its potential impacts. For instance, placing a freshwater fish in saltwater could be fatal as water rushes out of its cells, leading to dehydration and eventual death. Hence, osmotic balance is not just an abstract concept but a matter of life and death for cells.