Problem 6 - A Complete Resource Book in Chemistry for JEE Main

Question

Plants and living beings are examples of (a) isolated system (b) adiabatic system (c) open system (d) closed system

Step-by-Step Solution

Answer

Plants and living beings are examples of an open system.

Step 1: Understanding System Types

First, let's understand the types of systems: 1. An **isolated system** is one where neither energy nor matter is exchanged with the surroundings. 2. An **adiabatic system** is one where no heat is exchanged with the surroundings, but work and matter can be exchanged. 3. A **closed system** can exchange energy (but not matter) with its surroundings. 4. An **open system** can exchange both energy and matter with its surroundings.

Step 2: Identifying Characteristics of Open Systems

Next, consider the characteristics of an open system. In an open system, energy such as sunlight, heat, or nutrients, and matter like carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water, can enter and leave the system. Therefore, open systems are in constant interaction with their surroundings.

Step 3: Applying the Characteristics to Plants and Living Beings

Plants and living beings consistently exchange matter and energy with their surroundings. For instance, they take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen during photosynthesis, absorb water and nutrients, and lose energy in the form of heat.

Step 4: Conclusion: Determining the System Type

Given the exchange of energy and matter with their surroundings, plants and living beings fit the description of an **open system**, where both energy and matter flow into and out of the system.

Key Concepts

thermodynamic systems

Thermodynamic systems are fundamental concepts in physics and chemistry that help us understand how energy and matter interact. Specifically, a thermodynamic system is any part of the universe we choose to study, separated by a boundary. This system can take different forms, depending on its ability to exchange energy and matter across its boundary. The main types include:

• Isolated System: Here, neither energy nor matter is exchanged. Think of this as a perfectly sealed box where nothing goes in or out.
• Closed System: This system allows energy transfer, but not matter. Imagine a pot with a lid where steam can escape but the water cannot.
• Open System: In this system, both energy and matter can be exchanged. Examples include a boiling pot without a lid, where both steam (matter) and heat (energy) can escape.

Understanding these systems is crucial for analyzing processes in nature and technology, helping us harness energy efficiently.

exchange of energy and matter

In open thermodynamic systems, the exchange of energy and matter is a continuous process. Such systems are distinguished by their ability to interact dynamically with their surroundings. This exchange can involve various forms of energy, including heat, light, or chemical energy. For example:

• Heat Exchange: When you boil water, the pot exchanges heat with its surroundings.
• Light Energy: Photosynthesis in plants depends on the uptake of sunlight energy.
• Chemical Exchange: When an organism consumes food, it exchanges chemical energy.

In addition to energy, matter exchange is also significant. Matter such as gases, liquids, and solids can transit in or out of the open system. This dynamic interaction makes open systems versatile and adaptive, allowing them to maintain their functions by balancing inputs and outputs.

characteristics of living systems

Living systems are quintessential examples of open thermodynamic systems. They constantly interact with their environment by exchanging both energy and matter to sustain life processes. Let's look at some key characteristics:

• Energy Intake: Living organisms, like plants and animals, take in energy from their surroundings to fuel their biological processes. Plants absorb sunlight, while animals consume food.
• Matter Exchange: Organisms exchange gases—trees take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen, while animals do the opposite. Additionally, water and nutrients are vital for life and must be absorbed and utilized.
• Heat Dissipation: As a byproduct of metabolism, organisms lose energy in the form of heat, helping regulate body temperature.

This continuous exchange allows living systems to grow, reproduce, and maintain homeostasis, demonstrating the dynamic balance of life.