Problem 5 - An Introduction to Theories of Personality

Question

Rats in a Skinner box learn by what is called "trial and error": They try out various responses (e.g., rearing up on their hind paws, crouching, moving to the rear of the box) until they hit on the one that produces reinforcement (pressing the bar). Why do some critics regard Skinner's approach as not applicable to many areas of human endeavor?

Step-by-Step Solution

Answer

Critics regard Skinner's approach as not applicable to many areas of human endeavor because it oversimplifies complex human behavior. While 'trial and error' learning might work well in controlled environments, many argue that it does not adequately encapsulate the variety of factors influencing human behavior, including cognitive abilities, social norms, cultural values, and personal morals.

Step 1: Understanding Skinner's Theory of Operant Conditioning

Skinner's Operant Conditioning theory suggests that an individual's behavior can be manipulated or changed through rewards or punishments. For example, a rat in a Skinner box learns to press the bar (a behavior) because it is reinforced (rewarded with food). This process is the 'trial and error' mentioned.

Step 2: Analyzing Criticisms

Critics argue Skinner's approach is not widely applicable to human behavior for a variety of reasons. First, humans have higher cognitive abilities than rats, including foresight, reasoning, and problem-solving skills. They do not solely rely on 'trial and error' but consider potential outcomes before acting. Second, human behavior is additionally influenced by social norms, cultural values, emotions, and personal morals, aspects Skinner's theory does not adequately address.

Step 3: Formulating The Main Critique

The main criticism seems to be that Skinner's theory simplifies complex human behavior too much. The model of 'trial and error' works well in controlled environments (like a Skinner box), but human behavior extends beyond such simplistic principles when in the complex milieu of society and interaction with others. Humans are not mere responders to stimuli but proactive initiators of behavior based on thoughts, experiences, and emotions.