Problem 40 - Chemistry The Central Science

Question

By referring only to the periodic table, select (a) the most electronegative element in group \(6 \mathrm{A} ;(\mathbf{b})\) the least electronegative element in the group Al, Si, P; (c) the most electronegative element in the group \(\mathrm{Ga}, \mathrm{P}, \mathrm{Cl}, \mathrm{Na} ;(\mathbf{d})\) the element in the group \(\mathrm{K}\) \(\mathrm{C}, \mathrm{Zn}, \mathrm{F}\) that is most likely to form an ionic compound with Ba.

Step-by-Step Solution

Answer

(a) The most electronegative element in group 6A is \(O\) (oxygen). (b) The least electronegative element in the group Al, Si, P is \(Al\) (aluminum). (c) The most electronegative element in the group Ga, P, Cl, Na is \(Cl\) (chlorine). (d) The element most likely to form an ionic compound with Ba is \(F\) (fluorine), forming BaF2.

Step 1: (a) Most electronegative element in group 6A

In group 6A, we have the elements O, S, Se, Te, and Po. The electronegativity increases as we move from right to left across a period and from bottom to top within a group. So, the most electronegative element in group 6A is O (oxygen).

Step 2: (b) Least electronegative element in the group Al, Si, P

In this group, we have Al from group 13 (3A), Si from group 14 (4A), and P from group 15 (5A). As electronegativity increases from left to right across a period and decreases down a group, the least electronegative element is Al (aluminum), which is positioned to the left-most of these three elements in the periodic table.

Step 3: (c) Most electronegative element in the group Ga, P, Cl, Na

In this group, we have Ga from group 13 (3A), P from group 15 (5A), Cl from group 17 (7A), and Na from group 1 (1A). Since electronegativity increases left to right across a period and decreases down a group, the most electronegative element in this group is Cl (chlorine), which is positioned toward the upper right side of these elements in the periodic table.

Step 4: (d) Element most likely to form an ionic compound with Ba

The elements given are K from group 1 (1A), C from group 14 (4A), Zn from group 12 (2B), and F from group 17 (7A). Ionic compounds typically form between metals (cations) and non-metals (anions). Ba is a metal from group 2 (2A), so we should look for a non-metal to form an ionic compound with it. The only non-metal in the given group is F (fluorine). Therefore, F is the element most likely to form an ionic compound with Ba, yielding BaF2.

Key Concepts

Understanding the Periodic Table

The periodic table is a comprehensive chart that organizes elements based on their atomic numbers, electron configurations, and recurring chemical properties. Elements are arranged in rows called periods and columns known as groups or families. As we move from left to right across a period, the number of protons (and hence the atomic number) increases. Simultaneously, elements show a gradual change in properties.

When it comes to understanding electronegativity, the periodic table reveals a distinct trend: electronegativity generally increases from left to right across periods and decreases down groups. This explains why oxygen (O), found at the upper right of its group (Group 6A), is the most electronegative element in that group. Such trends are essential for predicting how elements will interact chemically, which is crucial when you're trying to determine the least or most electronegative elements within a specific set, as in the exercise provided.

Chemical Properties and Electronegativity

Chemical properties refer to the characteristics that determine the ability of an element to undergo chemical changes, forming new substances. One such property is electronegativity, which is a measure of an atom's ability to attract and hold onto electrons when it forms a compound. The higher an element's electronegativity, the greater its ability to attract electrons.

Understanding the chemical properties through electronegativity is vital, for example, when comparing aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and phosphorus (P). Aluminum, being the least electronegative, readily loses electrons to form positive ions, while phosphorus gains electrons more efficiently due to its higher electronegativity. This contrast in chemical behavior is central to predicting how different elements will react, especially in forming ionic or covalent bonds.

Formation of Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds arise from the chemical bonding between metals, which lose electrons and become positively charged cations, and non-metals, which gain electrons to become negatively charged anions. The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions results in the formation of an ionic compound. This concept is exemplified in the pairing of barium (Ba), a metal, with a non-metal to form BaF2. Fluorine (F), being the most electronegative non-metal in the given exercise options, is the best candidate to form an ionic compound with Ba.

In general, elements from the far left of the periodic table (metals) tend to form ionic compounds with elements from the far right (non-metals), which is a reflection of their contrasting electronegativities and the resultant drive to achieve a stable electronic configuration through the complete transfer of electrons.