Problem 4 - Abnormal Psychology: An Integrative Approach

Question

Assign a label to each of the following cases: (a) ADHD, (b) social (pragmatic) communication disorder, (c) Tourette's disorder, or (d) specific learning disorder. Kelly was a good student until the sixth grade. Her grades slowly began to drop, despite her increased studying. Now, as a high school senior concerned about graduation, and with hopes of going to college, Kelly has sought help. She places above average on an IQ test but shows significant problems with reading and comprehension.

Step-by-Step Solution

Answer

Specific learning disorder.

Step 1: Analyze Kelly's Academic History

Kelly was a good student until the sixth grade, but her grades started to decline despite her increased effort. This indicates a discrepancy between her potential and her academic performance, which can be indicative of a learning difficulty.

Step 2: Consider Current Academic Challenges

As a high school senior, Kelly faces significant problems specifically with reading and comprehension, even though she performs above average on an IQ test. This suggests a specific deficit in certain academic skills rather than a generalized intellectual difficulty.

Step 3: Determine the Appropriate Disorder Label

The pattern of academic difficulty, particularly in reading and comprehension, aligns with a profile of specific learning disorder, which involves struggles with specific academic areas despite adequate intelligence and effort.

Key Concepts

ADHD

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder often diagnosed in childhood, but it can persist into adulthood. It is characterized by patterns of inattention and/or hyperactive impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning or development. ADHD is categorized into three types:

• Predominantly Inattentive Presentation: This type is characterized by difficulties in organizing tasks, following through on instructions, and maintaining attention to details. Individuals might often seem forgetful in daily activities.
• Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation: This includes symptoms such as fidgeting, excessive talking, or an inability to stay seated or play quietly.
• Combined Presentation: A combination of the above symptoms.

ADHD is diagnosed based on a comprehensive evaluation, including interviews, behavioral assessments, and questionnaires. Treatment involves a combination of medication, therapy, and educational support, tailored to each individual's needs. People with ADHD can thrive with appropriate support, as long as it's consistent and follows their individual learning style.

Social Pragmatic Communication Disorder

Social Pragmatic Communication Disorder (SPCD) is a condition marked by difficulties in the social use of verbal and nonverbal communication. It affects how people use language in social situations and includes challenges like:

• Problems understanding the rules of conversation, such as taking turns or changing language according to the context.
• Difficulty in understanding and using gestures or cues like facial expressions.
• Struggles with inferring meaning from relationships or social cues that are not explicitly stated.

SPCD is diagnosed after a comprehensive evaluation by a speech-language pathologist or a psychologist. It requires the symptoms to be present early in childhood and not be better explained by other disorders. Treatment for SPCD focuses on speech and language therapy, aiming to improve communication skills, social interaction, and strategies to cope with everyday challenges. Early intervention can help individuals develop effective communication skills and improve their quality of life.

Tourette's Disorder

Tourette's Disorder, also known as Tourette syndrome, is a neurological disorder defined by repetitive, involuntary movements and vocalizations known as tics. These tics often begin in childhood and vary in type and severity:

• Motor Tics: Quick, repetitive movements like blinking, twitching, or shrugging shoulders.
• Vocal Tics: Sounds or words that are uttered involuntarily, such as grunting or repeating phrases.

The exact cause of Tourette's is unknown, but it's believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Diagnosis is typically made through clinical evaluation based on the onset and type of tics. While there is no cure for Tourette's Disorder, treatment options such as medications, behavior therapy, and supportive care can help manage the symptoms. Understanding and acceptance from family, peers, and educational systems play a crucial role in helping individuals lead fulfilling lives.