Problem 26 - Chemistry The Central Science In Si Units

Question

(a) Which two of the following are isotopes of the same element: \(106 \mathrm{X},{ }_{46}^{107} \mathrm{X},{ }_{4}^{107} \mathrm{X} ?(\mathbf{b})\) What is the identity of the element whose isotopes you have selected?

Step-by-Step Solution

Answer

The isotopes are not clearly provided. However, \\(_{46}^{107} \mathrm{X}\\) is Palladium (Pd).

Step 1: Understand Isotopes

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. This means that isotopes have the same atomic number (number of protons) but different mass numbers.

Step 2: Identify the Atomic Numbers

Identify the atomic numbers in the given notations: - For \(_{46}^{107} \mathrm{X}\), the atomic number is 46.- For \(_{4}^{107} \mathrm{X}\), the atomic number is 4. - \(106 \mathrm{X}\) does not clearly indicate an atomic number.

Step 3: Match Atomic Numbers

To find which notations represent isotopes, match the atomic numbers:- \(_{46}^{107} \mathrm{X}\) has atomic number 46.- None of the other given options share an atomic number of 46 or clearly indicate an atomic number that matches.

Step 4: Verify Isotopes

Since \(_{46}^{107} \mathrm{X}\) is the only clear candidate with an atomic number, confirm it doesn’t match any other given symbol's atomic number, indicating an error or missing information might exist in the given question.

Step 5: Determine the Element

The atomic number 46 corresponds to the element Palladium (Pd) on the periodic table.

Key Concepts

Atomic Number

The atomic number is a fundamental concept in chemistry. It represents the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. This number is unique for each element and determines the element's identity on the periodic table. For example, palladium, with the symbol Pd, has an atomic number of 46. This indicates there are 46 protons in a palladium atom's nucleus.

The atomic number is critical because it also defines the element's placement in the periodic table and influences its chemical properties. This is why isotopes, while sharing the same atomic number, exhibit similar chemical behavior. However, isotopes can have different physical properties due to the varying number of neutrons.

Recognizing atomic numbers helps identify isotopes, since these are versions of the same element (same number of protons) but with different neutron counts, contributing to different mass numbers.

Neutrons

Neutrons are subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom, alongside protons. While neutrons have no electrical charge, they play a crucial role in stabilizing the nucleus. Their variation in number among atoms of the same element gives rise to isotopes.

Isotopes of an element have the same atomic number but different mass numbers. The mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons within the atom. For example, in the case of palladium isotopes, both have an atomic number of 46, indicating 46 protons, but may differ in their neutron count. A palladium isotope, such as \(_{46}^{107} \mathrm{Pd}\), has a mass number of 107. Therefore, it has 107 - 46 = 61 neutrons.

Understanding neutrons is essential in fields ranging from nuclear physics to radiocarbon dating, providing a foundation for insights into the structure and stability of different isotopes.

Palladium

Palladium is a chemical element represented by the symbol Pd and has an atomic number of 46. It's a member of the platinum group metals and is found in the transition metals section of the periodic table.

This silvery-white metal is highly valued for its industrial applications, particularly in catalytic converters for vehicles, electronics, and jewelry. Palladium's ability to absorb hydrogen makes it integral to hydrogen storage technology as well.

• The most stable isotopes of palladium are \(^{106}Pd\), \(^{108}Pd\), and \(^{110}Pd\), each with varying numbers of neutrons.
• Palladium is also crucial in scientific studies, as isotopes help in understanding nuclear reactions and material properties.
• It's relatively rare, often extracted from nickel and copper ores, highlighting its economic and technological importance.

Overall, palladium's unique properties and its isotopes broaden our understanding of both chemistry and industrial applications, as well as providing insights into elemental behavior on a subatomic level.