Problem 21 - Chemistry: The Central Science

Question

Identify the force present and explain whether work is being performed in the following cases: (a) You lift a pencil off the top of a desk. (b) A spring is compressed to half its normal length.

Step-by-Step Solution

Answer

In case (a), the force exerted is the gravitational force, and work is being performed as the pencil is moved against gravity. In case (b), the force exerted is the spring force following Hooke's Law, and work is being performed as the spring is compressed. In both cases, work is being done.

Step 1: Case (a): Lifting a pencil off the top of a desk

When lifting a pencil off the top of a desk, one is exerting an upward force against the force of gravity to move the pencil. In this case, the force exerted is the force due to gravity or weight, which can be calculated as: \(F_{gravity} = m \times g\) where, \(F_{gravity}\) is the gravitational force, \(m\) is the mass of the pencil, and \(g\) is the acceleration due to gravity (\(9.81 m/s^2\)). Since the pencil is moved against the force of gravity, work is being performed. The work done against gravity when lifting the pencil at a height h can be calculated using the formula: \(W = F_{gravity} \times h\) where \(W\) is the work done.

Step 2: Case (b): Compressing a spring to half its normal length

In this case, one compresses a spring to half its normal length, which requires an application of a force to change the spring's position. The force exerted in this case is the spring force, which follows Hooke's Law and can be calculated as: \(F_{spring} = -k \times x\) where \(F_{spring}\) is the spring force, \(k\) is the spring constant, and \(x\) is the displacement from the spring's equilibrium position. Here, the negative sign indicates that the spring force is always opposing the displacement direction. Since the spring is compressed, work is being performed in this case as well. The work done in compressing the spring can be calculated using the formula: \(W = \dfrac{1}{2} k \times x^2 \) where \(W\) is the work done. In summary, work is being performed in both cases (a) and (b). In the first case, work is done against gravity to lift a pencil off the desk, while in the second case, work is done to compress a spring to half its normal length.