Problem 2 - An Introduction to Theories of Personality

Question

Unlike Skinner, Bandura argues that cognitions are valid causes of behavior. Give an example to illustrate each of the following: (a) Thinking about an event in different ways can cause different behaviors. (b) Thoughts alone can cause a person to become angry or depressed.

Step-by-Step Solution

Answer

Two students receive a poor grade. One interprets it as a failure and stops studying, whereas the other takes it as an improvement opportunity and starts studying harder. This is an illustration of how an event, based on interpretation, can lead to different behaviours. Similarly, if a person obsesses that they will perform poorly in a future task, it can lead to depression. Or, if they keep thinking about a past mistake, that can cause anger. This shows how thoughts alone can affect one's emotional state.

Step 1: Identify Scenarios

Firstly, it is important to identify or create examples that adequately demonstrate each of the above. The examples should clearly illustrate how cognitive processes can impact behavior and emotional responses.

Step 2: Display how Different Interpretations Can Cause Different Behaviours

Create a scenario with an event, like getting a poor grade on a test. Two students can interpret this differently: one might see it as a failure and give up studying that subject (behavior), while the other can view it as an inventory of the areas they need to improve and study harder the next time.

Step 3: Explain the Concept of Thoughts Influencing Emotions

Now, create an example for the second part, like thinking about a past event or a potential future event. For instance, if a person constantly thinks that they will perform badly in an upcoming task or event, it can lead to feelings of anxiety and depression. On the other hand, if they keep thinking about a past mistake or misunderstanding it can make them feel angry.