Problem 2 - Abnormal Psychology: An Integrative Approach

Question

Complete the following statements about anxiety and its causes with the following terms: (a) comorbidity, (b) panic attack, (c) expected, (d) neurotransmitter, (e) brain circuits, and (f) stressful.An _____________ panic attack often occurs in certain situations but not anywhere else.

Step-by-Step Solution

Answer

The term 'expected' completes the sentence.

Step 1: Understanding Panic Attacks

First, let's understand what a panic attack is. A panic attack is a sudden episode of intense fear or discomfort that peaks within minutes. It can occur unexpectedly or be triggered by specific situations or factors.

Step 2: Identifying the Context

In the sentence, we are looking to complete, the context revolves around a "panic attack" that "often occurs in certain situations but not anywhere else." This implies predictability and a link to specific, identifiable scenarios.

Step 3: Determining the Correct Term

Among the given word choices, 'expected' describes something anticipated or likely in given circumstances. Here, a panic attack that occurs only in certain situations is predictable or 'expected' in those circumstances.

Step 4: Filling in the Blank

So, the correct term to fill in the blank is 'expected.' Thus, the completed sentence reads: 'An expected panic attack often occurs in certain situations but not anywhere else.'

Key Concepts

Panic Attack

When discussing anxiety, the term "panic attack" often comes up. These are sudden occurrences of intense fear or discomfort that seem to arise out of nowhere, catching individuals off guard. However, sometimes, they can occur in response to specific triggers. For example, a person might experience a panic attack when facing public speaking, while another might have one when flying. These are known as "expected panic attacks."

Some common symptoms of a panic attack include:

• Rapid heartbeat or palpitations
• Sweating and trembling
• Shortness of breath
• Feelings of impending doom
• Dizziness or lightheadedness

Even though these symptoms are very real and terrifying, it is important to know that they usually peak within minutes and then gradually subside. Understanding panic attacks can be a crucial step in managing anxiety disorders effectively.

Causes of Anxiety

Anxiety can feel overwhelming and often, people want to know what causes it. Unfortunately, the causes of anxiety are not always straight-forward. However, there are several common factors.

• Genetic predisposition - Anxiety often runs in families, indicating a potential hereditary link.
• Environmental factors - Stressful life events like trauma or significant stress can trigger anxiety.
• Medical conditions - Chronic illnesses or other health conditions can also lead to anxiety.
• Substance abuse - The use and withdrawal from drugs or alcohol can cause anxiety symptoms.

While these are some potential causes, it is crucial to remember that anxiety is complex, and each person's experience is unique. Recognizing possible causes can help in developing effective coping strategies and finding the right treatment.

Neurotransmitter

In understanding anxiety, neurotransmitters play a key role. These are chemical messengers in the brain that help transmit signals between nerve cells. They have a huge impact on mood, sleep, concentration, and anxiety.

Some important neurotransmitters involved in anxiety include:

• Serotonin - Often associated with mood regulation. Low levels can contribute to anxiety and depression.
• Dopamine - Linked to feelings of pleasure and reward. Its imbalance can be linked to anxiety disorders.
• Norepinephrine - This is related to stress response. High levels can lead to hyperarousal and anxiety.

When these neurotransmitters are out of balance, it can impact mental health significantly. Therefore, treatments for anxiety, such as medications and therapies, often target these neurotransmitter systems to help bring about balance and reduce symptoms.