Problem 161
Question
Marathon Problems. These problems are designed to incorporate several concepts and techniques into one situation. For each of the following, fill in the blank with the correct response. All of these fill-in-the-blank problems pertain to material covered in the sections on alkanes, alkenes and alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and hydrocarbon derivatives. a. The first "organic" compound to be synthesized in the laboratory, rather than being isolated from nature, was _____________which was prepared from____________. b. An organic compound whose carbon-carbon bonds are all single bonds is said to be______. c. The general orientation of the four pairs of electrons around the carbon atoms in alkanes is_______. d. Alkanes in which the carbon atoms form a single unbranched chain are said to be_______alkanes. e. Structural isomerism occurs when two molecules have the same number of each type of atom but exhibit different arrangements of the_______between those atoms. f. The systematic names of all saturated hydrocarbons have the ending_______ added to a root name that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. g. For a branched hydrocarbon, the root name for the hydrocarbon comes from the number of carbon atoms in the _________continuous chain in the molecule. h. The positions of substituents along the hydrocarbon framework of a molecule are indicated by the ________of the carbon atom to which the substituents are attached. i. The major use of alkanes has been in_______reactions,as a source of heat and light. J. With very reactive agents, such as the halogen elements, alkanes undergo _______reactions, whereby a new atom replaces one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkane. k. Alkenes and alkynes are characterized by their ability to undergo rapid, complete ______ reactions, by which other atoms attach themselves to the carbon atoms of the double or triple bond. 1\. Unsaturated fats may be converted to saturated fats by the process of ________ m. Benzene is the parent member of the group of hydrocarbons called ________ hydrocarbons. n. An atom or group of atoms that imparts new and characteristic properties to an organic molecule is called a ___________ group. 0.4 _________alcohol is one in which there is only one hydrocarbon group attached to the carbon atom holding the hydroxyl group. p. The simplest alcohol, methanol, is prepared industrially by the hydrogenation of ________ q. Ethanol is commonly prepared by the __________of certain sugars by yeast. r. Both aldehydes and ketones contain the _______group but they differ in where this group occurs along the hydrocarbon chain. s. Aldehydes and ketones can be prepared by _______ of the corresponding alcohol. t. Organic acids, which contain the __________ group, are typically weak acids. u. The typically sweet-smelling compounds called ____________ result from the condensation reaction of an organic acid with an___________.
Step-by-Step Solution
VerifiedKey Concepts
Structural Isomerism
In solving organic chemistry problems, recognizing potential isomers is critical for understanding the molecule's physical and chemical behavior. Isomerism can affect boiling points, solubility, and reactivity, influencing how compounds act in biological systems or industrial applications. Students should practice visualizing molecules in different arrangements to become adept at identifying structural isomers.
Saturated Hydrocarbons
An interesting quality of saturated hydrocarbons is their tetrahedral geometry, where the bond angles are approximately 109.5 degrees, leading to the three-dimensional shape of these molecules. This is crucial for students to understand as the shape of a molecule influences its physical characteristics and the way it interacts with other molecules. The names of these hydrocarbons often end in '-ane', so methane, ethane, and propane are familiar examples. Also, the knowledge of alkanes is foundational, as many other organic compounds are derived from these saturated structures by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with various functional groups.
Functional Group
Functional groups are defined by specific bonding arrangements between atoms, and they give origin to different classes of organic compounds, each with its own set of reactions. For instance, alcohols all contain an -OH group, aldehydes and ketones bear a carbonyl (-C=O) group, and carboxylic acids are marked by the presence of a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Recognizing these groups helps predict and understand organic reaction mechanisms—a core aspect of organic chemistry. Notably, the presence of a functional group can significantly alter the physical and chemical properties of the hydrocarbons they are attached to, which is a central theme in understanding the vast landscape of organic substances.