Problem 130 - A Complete Resource Book in Chemistry for JEE Main

Question

\text { Match the following }Column-I (Manufacturing process) (a) Deacon's process for chlorine (b) Hydrogenation of vegetable oils (c) Ostwald's process for nitric acid (d) Haber's process for ammonia\begin{aligned} &\text { Column-II } \\ &\text { (Catalyst used)l } \\ &\hline \text { (p) Finely divided } \\ &\text { iron with } \\ &\text { molybdenum as } \\ &\text { promoter } \\ &\text { (q) Copper (II) } \\ &\text { chloride } \\ &\text { (r) Finely divided } \\ &\text { nickel powder } \\ &\text { (s) Platinum gauze } \\ &\hline \end{aligned}

Step-by-Step Solution

Answer

(a) - (q), (b) - (r), (c) - (s), (d) - (p)

Step 1: Identify the Catalyst for Deacon's Process

Deacon's process is used for the production of chlorine from hydrochloric acid and oxygen. The catalyst used in this process is Copper (II) chloride. This matches option (q) from Column-II.

Step 2: Identify the Catalyst for Hydrogenation of Vegetable Oils

In the hydrogenation of vegetable oils, unsaturated fats are converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogen. The catalyst typically used for this process is finely divided nickel powder. This matches option (r) from Column-II.

Step 3: Identify the Catalyst for Ostwald's Process

Ostwald's process is used for the production of nitric acid from ammonia by oxidation. The catalyst used in this process is platinum gauze. This matches option (s) from Column-II.

Step 4: Identify the Catalyst for Haber's Process

Haber's process is used for the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen. The catalyst involved is finely divided iron with molybdenum as a promoter. This matches option (p) from Column-II.

Key Concepts

Deacon's Process

Deacon's process is a method used to manufacture chlorine gas, a crucial component in many industrial applications such as the production of PVC and bleaches. This process involves the oxidation of hydrochloric acid (\( ext{HCl} \)) using oxygen (\( ext{O}_2 \)).
In this chemical reaction, Copper (II) chloride (\( ext{CuCl}_2 \)) acts as a catalyst.
Catalysts are substances that speed up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. In Deacon's process, CuCl2 helps facilitate the reaction at a lower temperature than would naturally occur, making the process more efficient. Here is a simplified version of the chemical reaction that takes place:
\[4 ext{HCl} + ext{O}_2 ightarrow 2 ext{Cl}_2 + 2 ext{H}_2 ext{O}\]
Thanks to the catalyst, this conversion allows chlorine to be produced effectively on an industrial scale.

Haber's Process

Developed by Fritz Haber in the early 20th century, the Haber process is one of the most significant industrial procedures due to its role in producing ammonia (\( ext{NH}_3 \)). Ammonia is a building block for producing fertilizers, which are vital for agriculture. The process combines nitrogen from the air with hydrogen derived typically from natural gas. The chemical reaction can be represented as:
\[ ext{N}_2 + 3 ext{H}_2 ightarrow 2 ext{NH}_3\]
However, this reaction requires a specific catalyst to encourage the nitrogen and hydrogen molecules to break their bonds and form new ones. In the Haber process, finely divided iron serves as the primary catalyst, with molybdenum acting as a promoter to enhance its effectiveness. This catalyst system allows the reaction to occur at high pressures and elevated temperatures, maximizing the amount of ammonia produced. The Haber process revolutionized agricultural productivity and ensures that we can sustain a growing global population.

Ostwald's Process

The Ostwald process is integral to the production of nitric acid (\( ext{HNO}_3 \)), a compound essential for fertilizers, explosives, and many other chemical industries. It was developed by Wilhelm Ostwald and involves a series of reactions that begin with the oxidation of ammonia (\( ext{NH}_3 \)).
The catalyst used is platinum gauze, which facilitates the reaction as follows:
\[ 4 ext{NH}_3 + 5 ext{O}_2 ightarrow 4 ext{NO} + 6 ext{H}_2 ext{O}\]
This produces nitric oxide (\( ext{NO} \)), which is further oxidized to form nitrogen dioxide (\( ext{NO}_2 \)), and finally converted into nitric acid using water in the presence of oxygen. Platinum gauze is preferred for its effectiveness in sustaining high temperatures without degrading. The Ostwald process is key in converting ammonia to nitric acid efficiently, supporting numerous industrial applications.

Hydrogenation of Vegetable Oils

The hydrogenation of vegetable oils is a chemical process used to solidify oils, increasing their shelf life and stability at room temperature. This process targets unsaturated fats, which contain carbon-carbon double bonds in their molecular structure. Through hydrogenation, these unsaturated fats are transformed into saturated fats by adding hydrogen to the carbon chains.
Finely divided nickel serves as the catalyst for this reaction. The nickel powder assists in breaking the double bonds, allowing hydrogen atoms to attach, thus converting liquid oils into more solid forms like margarine or shortening. The simplified chemical representation is:
\[ ext{Unsaturated Oil} + ext{H}_2 ightarrow ext{Saturated Fat}\]
This conversion not only changes the consistency of the oil but also alters its nutritional profile, which is a topic of interest in dietary sciences and health considerations. The use of nickel as a catalyst makes the process efficient, allowing large-scale production of hydrogenated products.