Problem 130 - A Complete Resource Book in Chemistry for JEE Main

Question

Match the following Column-I (Manufacturing process) (a) Deacon's process for chlorine (b) Hydrogenation of vegetable oils (c) Ostwald's process for nitric acid (d) Haber's process for ammonia Column-II (Catalyst used)] (p) Finely divided iron with molybdenum as promoter (q) Copper (II) chloride (r) Finely divided nickel powder (s) Platinum gauze

Step-by-Step Solution

Answer

(a)-(q), (b)-(r), (c)-(s), (d)-(p)

Step 1: Identify the Catalyst for Deacon's Process

Deacon's process is primarily used for the production of chlorine by oxidizing hydrogen chloride gas using oxygen. The catalyst commonly used in this process is Copper (II) chloride. So, (a) matches with (q).

Step 2: Identify the Catalyst for Hydrogenation of Vegetable Oils

The process of hydrogenating vegetable oils involves adding hydrogen to the oils in the presence of a catalyst to make them more solid. The catalyst used for this is finely divided nickel powder. Thus, (b) matches with (r).

Step 3: Identify the Catalyst for Ostwald's Process

Ostwald's process is for the production of nitric acid, and it involves the catalytic oxidation of ammonia. The catalyst used here is platinum gauze. Therefore, (c) matches with (s).

Step 4: Identify the Catalyst for Haber's Process

Haber's process is for synthesizing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gases. The catalyst typically used is finely divided iron, often with molybdenum as a promoter. Hence, (d) matches with (p).

Key Concepts

Deacon's Process

Deacon's Process is a significant industrial method used to produce chlorine gas, primarily from hydrogen chloride, a by-product in various chemical processes. This process was discovered by Henry Deacon in the 19th century. It is valuable in the production of chlorine, which is essential for products like PVC and disinfectants.

In the Deacon's Process, hydrogen chloride (HCl) reacts with oxygen (O extsubscript{2}) to form chlorine (Cl extsubscript{2}) and water (H extsubscript{2}O). The chemical equation for this reaction is:
\[4 ext{HCl} + ext{O}_2 \rightarrow 2 ext{Cl}_2 + 2 ext{H}_2 ext{O}\]
Copper (II) chloride serves as the catalyst in this process. The role of the catalyst is crucial; it enhances the reaction rate and efficiency while remaining unchanged chemically after the process. Optimization of conditions such as temperature is necessary for the effective operation of the Deacon's Process.

Haber Process

The Haber Process is a groundbreaking methodology for synthesizing ammonia (NH extsubscript{3}) from nitrogen (N extsubscript{2}) and hydrogen (H extsubscript{2}) gases. Discovered by Fritz Haber in the early 20th century, this process has enabled large-scale production of ammonia, critical for making fertilizers that boost global agricultural productivity.

The chemical equation representing the Haber Process is:
\[N_2 + 3 ext{H}_2 \rightleftharpoons 2 ext{NH}_3\]
A finely divided iron catalyst is employed in this process, often with a promoter like molybdenum to increase its efficiency. This catalytic system operates under high pressures (150-200 atm) and temperatures (400-500°C), which are required to achieve appreciable yields of ammonia. The continuous recycling and use of unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen help in maintaining the efficiency of the Haber Process.

Ostwald Process

The Ostwald Process is essential for the industrial production of nitric acid (HNO extsubscript{3}) from ammonia (NH extsubscript{3}). Invented by Wilhelm Ostwald, it forms the building block for the manufacturing of fertilizers, explosives, and many other chemicals.

This process involves several steps, beginning with the catalytic oxidation of ammonia to form nitrogen monoxide (NO). This step uses platinum gauze as the catalyst and can be represented by the reaction:
\[4 ext{NH}_3 + 5 ext{O}_2 \rightarrow 4 ext{NO} + 6 ext{H}_2 ext{O}\]
Subsequent reactions convert nitrogen monoxide to nitrogen dioxide (NO extsubscript{2}), and finally, to nitric acid. The platinum gauze is crucial for initiating the first reaction efficiently, ensuring that the whole process proceeds swiftly under the right conditions of temperature and pressure.

Hydrogenation of Oils

Hydrogenation of Oils is a chemical process that turns unsaturated fats, which are typically liquid oils, into more saturated, typically solid fats. This process is widely used in the food industry to enhance the shelf life and stability of food products.

During hydrogenation, hydrogen gas (H extsubscript{2}) is added to the vegetable oils in the presence of a catalyst, usually finely divided nickel powder. This hydrogen addition converts the double bonds in the unsaturated fats to single bonds, effectively 'saturating' the fat:
\[ ext{C}= ext{C} + ext{H}_2 \rightarrow ext{C}- ext{C}\]
This process is essential for creating margarine and shortening from vegetable oils and involves strict control over the reaction conditions to avoid trans fat formation. Trans fats can have negative health impacts, making it vital to control the amount produced during hydrogenation.