Problem 121 - Chemistry: An Atoms-Focused Approach

Question

The electron affinities of the group 17 elements increase with increasing atomic number. Suggest a reason for this trend.

Step-by-Step Solution

Answer

Question: Explain why electron affinity increases with atomic number in group 17 elements. Answer: The electron affinity increases with atomic number in group 17 elements due to the increase in nuclear charge coupled with the relatively constant shielding effect and the decrease in electron-electron repulsion as the atomic size increases. This results in a stronger attraction for the incoming electron, making it more energetically favorable for the elements to accept an electron as we move down the group.

Step 1: Define electron affinity

Electron affinity is the amount of energy released or absorbed when an electron is added to a neutral atom in the gas phase to form a negative ion. A higher electron affinity means that it is more energetically favorable for the atom to gain an electron.

Step 2: Group 17 elements and their electron configuration

Group 17 elements, also known as halogens, include fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At). Their general electron configuration is [noble gas] ns^2 np^5, where [noble gas] represents the electron configuration of the previous noble gas and n is the principal quantum number. As we go down the group, the principal quantum number (n) increases.

Step 3: Factors affecting electron affinity

There are three main factors that affect electron affinity: 1. Atomic size: As atomic size increases, the distance between the nucleus and the added electron also increases, leading to lower electron affinity due to weaker electrostatic attraction. 2. Nuclear charge: An increased nuclear charge leads to a stronger attractive force between the nucleus and the added electron, resulting in higher electron affinity. 3. Electron-electron repulsion: When an electron is added to an atom, it can experience repulsion from the electrons already present, leading to lower electron affinity.

Step 4: Analyze the trend in group 17 elements

As we go down group 17, the atomic size increases, which would generally lead to a lower electron affinity. However, the electron affinity is observed to increase with atomic number. To explain this, we can analyze the other factors affecting electron affinity: nuclear charge and electron-electron repulsion. The nuclear charge increases as the atomic number increases, making the electrostatic force of attraction between the nucleus and the incoming electron stronger. Since the valence electron (the added electron) is entering the same p orbital (np^5) in all group 17 elements, the shielding effect provided by the inner electrons remains nearly constant. Therefore, the increased nuclear charge is felt more by the incoming electron, leading to a higher electron affinity in the elements down the group, despite the increase in atomic size. Additionally, the electron-electron repulsion experienced by the incoming electron in the np^5 orbital is expected to decrease when going down the group 17 elements. This is because the electron cloud becomes more diffused as the atomic size increases, which reduces the overall repulsion experienced by the incoming electron.

Step 5: Conclusion

The increase in electron affinity with increasing atomic number for group 17 elements can be explained by the increase in nuclear charge coupled with the relatively constant shielding effect and the decrease in electron-electron repulsion as the atomic size increases. This results in a stronger attraction for the incoming electron, making it more energetically favorable for the elements to accept an electron as we move down the group.