Problem 12 - An Introduction to Theories of Personality

Question

A terrorist blows up a building in a hated foreign country. How might Skinner explain the terrorist's behavior?

Step-by-Step Solution

Answer

Skinner would explain the terrorist's behavior as a consequence of his learning experiences. These experiences are driven by positive and negative reinforcements which led the individual to believe that the act of violence is justified and necessary.

Step 1: Outline of Skinner's Theory

Skinner's theory, also known as Operant Conditioning, focuses on the idea that we learn from the consequences of our actions. Skinner used positive reinforcement (rewards) and negative reinforcement (penalties) to modify behavior.

Step 2: Applying the Theory

The terrorist's act of blowing up a building might be viewed as an outcome of a series of positive or negative reinforcements over time. These reinforcements could be ideological teachings, personal experiences, propaganda, or other forms of conditioning that eventually led the individual to commit such an act. Skinner would suggest that these reinforcements, not solely the individual’s characteristics, are more pertinent to understanding this destructive behavior.

Step 3: Understanding the Reinforcements

In this particular context, positive reinforcement could be the expectation of personal glory, societal recognition among certain groups, or a twisted sense of justice. Negative reinforcement might be an endeavor to escape persecution, prejudice or to serve perceived larger purpose. These reinforcements could have reinforced the conviction that committing acts of violence is justified.

Key Concepts

Skinner's Theory of Behavior

Developed by B.F. Skinner, Operant Conditioning is a fundamental theory in behavioral psychology that concentrates on how behavior is learned and shaped by its consequences. Skinner's Theory of Behavior posits that actions followed by rewards (positive reinforcers) are likely to be repeated, while those that bring about discomfort or unwelcome outcomes (negative reinforcers) will be less likely to occur again. The crux of this theory is the relationship between behavior and its consequences, which can either strengthen or weaken the likelihood of the behavior occurring in the future.

For instance, a student who is praised for their good grades may study more diligently, demonstrating positive reinforcement. Moreover, a worker who receives a pay raise for improved performance is experiencing positive reinforcement, making them more inclined to maintain or enhance their work quality. Through reinforcement, behaviors can be modified over time, making Skinner's theory particularly influential in understanding human and animal behavior in a wide array of contexts.

Positive Reinforcement

Positive reinforcement is a pivotal component of Operant Conditioning. It refers to the addition of a rewarding stimulus following a desired behavior, with the aim of increasing the likelihood of that behavior being repeated. The rewarding stimulus can vary and might include praise, rewards, or anything that the subject finds valuable or enjoyable.

Examples in Everyday Life

• School settings: Students receiving gold stars for homework completion.
• Workplace: Bonuses given for reaching sales targets.
• Parenting: Giving a child extra playtime for tidying up their room.

It's important to note that what's considered 'positive' reinforcement will vary between individuals, as different stimuli are valued differently by each person. Integrating positive reinforcement into educational, clinical, and occupational environments can encourage beneficial behaviors and foster a positive atmosphere.

Negative Reinforcement

Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to encourage a particular behavior. Contrary to common misconceptions, negative reinforcement is not about punishment. Instead, it's about strengthening a behavior by taking away an adverse condition. This method also increases the probability that the desired behavior will occur again in the future.

Real-World Scenarios

• Health: Taking painkillers to relieve a headache, which encourages the use of painkillers in future headaches.
• Driving: Buckling a seatbelt to stop the car's beeping alarm, reinforcing the act of buckling up before driving.
• Office environment: Completing reports early to avoid a last-minute rush.

By comprehending the mechanics of negative reinforcement, we can better predict and shape behaviors in a variety of settings from animal training to human behavioral therapy.