Problem 11 - An Introduction to Theories of Personality

Question

A terrorist blows up a building in a hated foreign country. How might Erikson explain the ter rorist's behavior?

Step-by-Step Solution

Answer

According to Erikson's theory, the terrorist's actions can potentially be explained by unresolved crises in his developmental stages. For example, he might be stuck in the 'Identity vs. Role Confusion' stage, using terrorism as a way to establish a clear identity, or he could be in the 'Generativity vs. Stagnation' stage, using destructive acts as a warped way of making a mark on the world.

Step 1: Identify Relevant Stage

Firstly, identify the most relevant stages of Erikson's psychosocial theory that could explain the terrorist's behavior. Depending on his age and development, some of the later stages could be more relevant, specifically 'Identity vs. Role Confusion,' 'Intimacy vs. Isolation,' or 'Generativity vs. Stagnation.' Each of these stages might give insights into his actions.

Step 2: Analyze Behavioral Patterns

Next, analyze the terrorist's behavior using the selected stage(s). For example, if the 'Identity vs. Role Confusion' stage is chosen, it could be argued that the terrorist may be trying to establish a strong identity and define himself through his actions. He might feel a lack of belonging or identity and the act of terrorism could be an extreme attempt to define his identity and role in society.

Step 3: Explain the Motivations

Lastly, use the insights gained from Erikson's theory to explain potential motivations for the terrorist's behavior. This might entail discussing how failures or struggles in earlier stages of development can lead to destructive actions, or how societal pressures and external factors could drive an individual to such extreme actions.

Key Concepts

Identity vs. Role Confusion

In Erik Erikson’s model of psychosocial development, the stage of **Identity vs. Role Confusion** usually takes place during adolescence, roughly between ages 12 and 18. This is a critical period where individuals are exploring their own identity and trying to find out who they truly are. At this stage, teens are asking themselves questions like "Who am I?" and "Where do I fit in society?"

• They might experiment with different roles, beliefs, and even rebelling against authority to understand their own identity.
• Failure to achieve a strong sense of self during this stage can lead to role confusion, where the individual is unsure of themselves and their place in the world.
• An identity crisis can result in feelings of uncertainty and instability.

For someone involved in drastic actions such as terrorism, this stage might manifest as an extreme struggle with these questions of identity. Engaging in radical activities could be seen as a response to their search for belonging and purpose, or as a way to fulfill perceived roles that appeal to them or provide a sense of significance.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

The **Intimacy vs. Isolation** stage typically occurs in young adulthood, from the late teenage years into the 30s. At this stage, individuals are looking to form deeper connections and intimate relationships with others. Successfully navigating this stage leads to strong relationships and a sense of intimacy.

• People learn to share themselves deeply with others, moving beyond surface-level interactions to form emotionally significant bonds.
• Failure to develop these connections can lead to isolation and loneliness.
• An individual may feel disconnected from the world, which can lead to feelings of alienation.

In the context of extreme behaviors, such as terrorism, if an individual fails to form or maintain personal relationships, they might become isolated. This isolation can manifest in destructive behavior as they attempt to find connections in other, more extreme communities or ideologies, seeking a substitute for healthy interpersonal relationships.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

The stage of **Generativity vs. Stagnation** typically occurs during middle adulthood, from about age 40 to 65. During this time, individuals focus on contributing to society and helping to guide future generations.

• Success in this stage leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment as individuals actively nurture others and contribute to the betterment of society.
• Failure results in stagnation, where the individual feels unproductive or disconnected from the larger world.
• This can lead to a sense of unfulfillment and a lack of purpose.

For those involved in drastic behaviors, feeling stagnant might push them towards radical actions under the guise of making a meaningful impact. If traditional means of guiding and contributing are blocked or unseen by these individuals, they might resort to extreme measures. They might believe these actions serve a greater good, bringing them a sense of generativity in a non-conformist way.