Problem 10 - AP Psychology Premium Prep 2021

Question

The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that entropy, or disorder, is constantly increasing in the universe for spontaneous processes. Therefore, how is it possible that organisms exist in very ordered states? (A) The Second Law of Thermodynamics does not apply to biological life. (B) Energy can be created or destroyed. (C) The catabolic reactions are always equal and opposite of the anabolic reactions. (D) Biological life actually creates an increase in entropy through dissemination of heat and waste.

Step-by-Step Solution

Answer

(D) Biological life actually creates an increase in entropy through dissemination of heat and waste.

Step 1: Read and understand the Second Law of Thermodynamics

The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that for any spontaneous process, the entropy (disorder) of the universe must increase. It means that natural systems tend to become more disordered over time.

Step 2: Evaluate Option A

Option A suggests that the Second Law of Thermodynamics doesn't apply to biological life. However, this is incorrect because the Second Law applies to all natural systems and processes, which includes biological life.

Step 3: Evaluate Option B

Option B claims that energy can be created or destroyed. This statement is incorrect according to the First Law of Thermodynamics, also known as the Law of Conservation of Energy, which states that energy can only be transformed or converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

Step 4: Evaluate Option C

Option C says that catabolic reactions are always equal and opposite of the anabolic reactions. While it's true that catabolic reactions break down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy in the process, and anabolic reactions build complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy input, this statement is not enough to explain how organisms can maintain order in the context of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

Step 5: Evaluate Option D

Option D claims that biological life actually creates an increase in entropy through dissemination of heat and waste. This statement is correct. Organisms can maintain a lower internal entropy (order) by increasing the entropy of their surroundings, typically through the release of heat and waste products. This means that while they might have a higher order internally, overall, their existence leads to an increase in the entropy of the universe, as the Second Law of Thermodynamics requires. In conclusion, the correct answer is (D) Biological life actually creates an increase in entropy through dissemination of heat and waste.